Professor Neville Nicholls moved to the University after 35 years with the Bureau of Meteorology where he researched many aspects of climate. At Monash, he is helping prepare Australia for extreme weather such as heat waves and floods. Recent disasters such as the Black Saturday bushfires, which killed 173 people, and the recent Brisbane floods, which inundated 20,000 homes, mean the impacts of such extremes are all too fresh in our minds. Neville warns us, however, that some weather extremes are likely to become even more severe.
For the past forty years Neville has studied the El Niño-Southern Oscillation effect (or ENSO), a naturally occurring cyclic weather pattern that causes droughts and flooding in Australia and elsewhere. His research has examined whether we could avoid a repeat of the recent Brisbane flooding, with the help of forecasts based on the ENSO.
“The Wivenhoe dam, located on the Brisbane River about 80 kilometres from the capital, is itself a response to the El Niño/La Niña phenomenon; the last time they had severe flooding in Brisbane was in 1974, which was also a very strong year for La Niña – as was 2011,” explains Neville.
“If they hadn’t built the Wivenhoe dam after the 1974 floods, the floodwaters this year would have been probably two metres higher, and probably been the worst floods since 1893. So the dam saved Brisbane. However, the question is: could the operators of the damn have operated it a bit differently, and by doing so, could they have reduced the flooding even further?”
He is also designing early warning systems that help support vulnerable members of the population such as the elderly, so that they may better prepare for, and so survive, the growing heat wave threat that we are set to face as the climate warms..
Bernstein, L., Bosch, P., Canziani, O., Chen, Z., Christ, R., Davidson, O., Hare, W., Huq, S., Karoly, D.J., Kattsov, V., Kundzewicz, Z., Liu, J., Lohmann, U., Manning, M., Matsuno, T., Meene, B., Metz, B., Mirza, M., Nicholls, N., Nurse, L., Pachauri, R., Palutikof, J., Parry, M., Qin, D., Nijavalli, R., Reisinger, A., Ren, J., Riahi, K., Rosenzweig, C., Rusticucci, M., Schneider, S., Solomon, S., Stott, P.A., Stouffer, R.J., Sugiyama, T., Swart, R., Tirpak, D., Vogel, C., Yobe, G., 2008, Climate Change 2007 Synthesis report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva Switzerland.
Seveviratne, S., Nicholls, N., Easterling, D., Goodess, C.M., Kanae, S., Kossin, J., Luo, Y., Marengo, J., McInnes, K., Rahlmi, M., Reichstein, M., Sorteberg, A., Vera, C., Zhang, X., 2012, Changes in climate extremes and their impacts on the natural physical environment, in Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds Christopher B. Field, Vincente Barros, Thomas F. Stocker, Qin Dahe, David Jon Dokken, Kristie L. Ebi, Michael D. Mastrandrea, Katharine J. Mach, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Simon K. Allen, Melinda Tignor and Pauline M. Midgley, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, pp. 109-230.
Allen, S.K., Barros, V., Burton, I., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Cardona, O., Cutter, S.L., Dube, O.P., Ebi, K.L., Field, C., Handmer, J.W., Lal, P.N., Lavell, A., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mcbean, G.A., Mechler, R., Mitchell, T., Nicholls, N., O'Brien, K.L., Oki, T., Oppenheimer, M., Pelling, M., Plattner, G., Pulwarty, R.S., Seneviratne, S.I., Stocker, T., van Aalst, M.K., Vera, C., Wilbanks, T.J., 2012, Summary for policymakers, in Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds Christopher B. Field, Vincente Barros, Thomas F. Stocker, Qin Dahe, David Jon Dokken, Kristie L. Ebi, Michael D. Mastrandrea, Katharine J. Mach, Gian-Kasper Plattner, Simon K. Allen, Melinda Tignor and Pauline M. Midgley, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, pp. 3-21.
Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Alley, R.B., Bernsten, T., Bindoff, N.L., Chen, Chidthaisong, A., Gregory, J.M., Hegerl, U., Heimann, M., Hewitson, B., Hoskins, B.J., Joos, F., Jouzel, J., Kattsov, V., Lohmann, U., Matsuno, T., Molina, M., Nicholls, N., Overpeck, J., Raza, G., Ramaswamy, V., Ren, J., Rusticucci, M., Somerville, R., Stocker, T.F., Whetton, P., Wood, R.A., Wratt, D., 2007, Technical Summary, in Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis, eds Solomon, S,Qin, Dahe Manning, M Marquis, Melinda Averyt, Kristen Tignor ,Melinda M.B. & Miller,Jr. Henry LeRoy, Cambridge University Press, New York USA, pp. 19-91.
Hegerl, G.C., Zwiers, F.W., Braconnot, P., Gillet, N.P., Luo, Y., Marengo, J., Nicholls, N., Penner, J.E., Stott, P.A., 2007, Understanding and attributing climate change, in Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis, eds Solomon, S,Qin, Dahe Manning, M Marquis, Melinda Averyt, Kristen Tignor ,Melinda M.B. & Miller,Jr. Henry LeRoy, Cambridge University Press, New York USA, pp. 663-745.
Larsen, S.H., Nicholls, N., 2012, Addendum to Larsen and Nicholls 2012. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 62, 11-24, Australian Meteorological & Oceanographic Journal [P], vol 62, issue 11-24, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, p. 115.
Nicholls, N., 2012, Is Australia's continued warming caused by drought?, Australian Meteorological & Oceanographic Journal [P], vol 62, issue 2, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, pp. 93-96.
Nicholls, N., 2012, Long-term changes in the usage of climate and weather words, Weather [P], vol 67, issue 7, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom, pp. 171-174.
Loughnan, M.E., Nicholls, N., Tapper, N.J., 2012, Mapping heat health risks in urban areas, International Journal of Population Research [P], vol 2012, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, New York, United States of America, pp. 1-12.
Catto, J.L., Nicholls, N., Jakob, C., 2012, North Australian sea surface temperatures and the El Nino-Southern oscillation in observations and models, Journal Of Climate [P], vol 25, issue 14, American Meteorological Society, United States, pp. 5011-5029.
Catto, J.L., Nicholls, N., Jakob, C., 2012, North Australian sea surface temperatures and the El Nino-Southern oscillation in the CMIP5 models, Journal Of Climate [P], vol 25, issue 18, American Meteorological Society, United States, pp. 6375-6382.
Catto, J., Jakob, C., Berry, G., Nicholls, N., 2012, Relating global precipitation to atmospheric fronts, Geophysical Research Letters [P], vol 39, issue 10, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, USA, pp. 1-6.
Catto, J., Jakob, C., Nicholls, N., 2012, The influence of changes in synoptic regimes on north Australian wet season rainfall trends, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres [E], vol 117, issue D10, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc., http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2012JD017472/abstract, pp. 1-9.
Larsen, S.H., Nicholls, N., 2012, The nature of the recent rainfall decrease in the vicinity of Melbourne, southeastern Australia, and its impact on soil water balance and groundwater recharge, Australian Meteorological & Oceanographic Journal [P], vol 62, issue 1, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 11-24.
Nicholls, N., 2011, Comments on "Have disaster losses increased due to anthropogenic climate change?", Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society [E], vol 92, issue 6, American Meteorological Society, US, p. 791.
Nicholls, N., 2011, Comments on "Influence of location, population, and climate on building damage and fatalities due to Australian Bushfire: 1925 - 2009", Weather, Climate, and Society [E], vol 3, issue 1, American Meteorological Society, US, pp. 61-62.
Nicholls, N., Larsen, S., 2011, Impact of drought on temperature extremes in Melbourne, Australia, Australian Meteorological & Oceanographic Journal [P], vol 61, issue 2, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne Australia, pp. 113-116.
Pearce, J., Beringer, J., Nicholls, N., Hyndman, R., Uotila, J., Tapper, N., 2011, Investigating the influence of synoptic-scale meteorology on air quality using self-organizing maps and generalized additive modelling, Atmospheric Environment [P], vol 45, issue 1, Pergamon, UK, pp. 128-136.
Pearce, J., Beringer, J., Nicholls, N., Hyndman, R., Tapper, N., 2011, Quantifying the influence of local meteorology on air quality using generalized additive models, Atmospheric Environment [P], vol 45, issue 6, Pergamon, UK, pp. 1328-1336.
Alexander, L., Uotila, J., Nicholls, N., Lynch, A., 2010, A new daily pressure dataset for Australia and its application to the assessment of changes in synoptic patterns during the last century, Journal Of Climate [P], vol 23, issue 5, American Meteorological Society, MA, United States, pp. 1111-1126.
Green, D., Alexander, L., McInnes, K., Church, J., Nicholls, N., White, N., 2010, An assessment of climate change impacts and adaptation for the Torres Strait Islands, Australia, Climatic Change [P], vol 102, issue 3-4, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 405-433.
Nicholls, N., 2010, Local and remote causes of the southern Australian autumn-winter rainfall decline, 1958-2007, Climate Dynamics [P], vol 34, issue 6, Springer, Germany, pp. 835-845.
Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N., Tapper, N., 2010, Mortality-temperature thresholds for ten major population centres in rural Victoria, Australia, Health and Place [P], vol 16, issue 6, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1287-1290.
Nicholls, N., Uotila, J., Alexander, L., 2010, Synoptic influences on seasonal, interannual and decadal temperature variations in Melbourne, Australia, International Journal Of Climatology [P], vol 30, Wiley InterScience, United Kingdom, pp. 1372-1381.
Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N., Tapper, N., 2010, The effects of summer temperature, age and socioeconomic circumstance on acute myocardial infarction admissions in Melbourne, Australia, International Journal of Health Geographics [P], vol 9, issue 41, BioMed Central Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-11.
Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N., Tapper, N., 2010, When the heat is on: threshold temperatures for AMI admissions to hospital in Melbourne Australia, Applied Geography [P], vol 30, issue 1, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 63-69.
Nicholls, N., 2010, Why do we care about past climates? An editorial essay, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change [P], vol 1, John Wiley & Sons, US, pp. 155-157.
Nicholls, N., 2009, Estimating changes in mortality due to climate change, Climatic Change [P], vol 97, issue 1, Springer, Dordrecht Netherlands, pp. 313-320.
Alexander, L., Uotila, J.P., Nicholls, N., 2009, Influence of sea surface temperature variability on global temperature and precipitation extremes, Journal of Geophysical Research [P], vol 114, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC USA, pp. 1-13.
Naish, S., Hu, W., Nicholls, N., Mackenzie, J.S., Dale, P., McMichael, A.J., Tong, S., 2009, Socio-environmental predictors of Barmah forest virus transmission in coastal areas, Queensland, Australia, Tropical Medicine & International Health [P], vol 14, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc, Malden MA USA, pp. 247-256.
Larsen, S.H., Nicholls, N., 2009, Southern Australian rainfall and the subtropical ridge: Variations interrelationships, and trends, Geophysical Research Letters [P], vol 36, issue 8, American Geophysical Union, USA, pp. 1-5.
Nicholls, N., Skinner, C., Loughnan, M.E., Tapper, N.J., 2008, A simple heat alert system for Melbourne, Australia, International Journal of Biometeorolgy, vol 52, Springer, New York USA, pp. 375-384.
Tong, S., Dale, P.E., Nicholls, N., Mackenzie, J.S., Wolff, R., McMichael, A.J., 2008, Climate variability, social and environmental factors, and Ross River virus transmission: Research development and future research needs, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 116, issue 12, USA National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Cary NC USA, pp. 1591-1597.
Loughnan, M.E., Nicholls, N., Tapper, N.J., 2008, Demographic, seasonal, and spatial differences in acute myocardial infarction admissions to hospital in Melbourne Australia, International Journal of Health Geographics, vol 7, BiMed Central Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-15.
Tong, S., McKenzie, J.S., Pitman, A.J., Fitzgerald, G.J., Nicholls, N., Selvey, L., 2008, Global climate change: time to mainstream health risks and their prevention on the medical research and policy agenda, Internal Medicine Journal, vol 38, issue 6a, Wiley - Blackwell Publishing Asia, Richmond VIC Australia, pp. 445-447.
Nicholls, N., 2008, Recent trends in the seasonal and temporal behaviour of the El Nino - Southern Oscillation, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 35, issue 19, American Geophysical Union, Washington USA, pp. 1-4.
Harris, S.L., Tapper, N.J., Packham, D.R., Orlove, B., Nicholls, N., 2008, The relationship between the monsoonal summer rain and dry-season fire activity of northern Australia, International Journal of Wildland Fire, vol 17, issue 5, CSIRO, Australia, pp. 674-684.
Nicholls, N., 2007, Climate: Sawyer predicted rate of warming in 1972, Nature, vol 448, issue 30 August 2007, Nature Publishing Group, United Kingdom, p. 992.
Nicholls, N., Alexander, L.V., 2007, Has the climate become more variable or extreme? Progress 1992-2006, Progress in Physical Geography, vol 31, issue 1, Sage Publications Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 77-87.
Nicholls, N., Lucas, C., 2007, Interannual variations of area burnt in Tasmanian bushfires: relationships with climate and predictability, International Journal of Wildland Fire, vol 16, issue 5, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne Australia, pp. 540-546.
Power, S.B., Nicholls, N., 2007, Temperature variability in a changing climate, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 56, issue 2, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne Victoria Australia, pp. 105-110.
Alexander, L.V., Hope, P., Collins, D., Trewin, B., Lynch, A.H., Nicholls, N., 2007, Trends in Australia's climate means and extremes: a global context, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 56, issue 1, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-18.
Nicholls, N., 2006, Detecting and attributing Australian climate change: a review, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 55, issue 3, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 199-211.
Nicholls, N., Collins, D., Trewin, B., Hope, P., 2006, Historical instrumental climate data for Australia - Quality and utility for palaeoclimatic studies, Journal of Quaternary Science, vol 21, issue 7, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK, pp. 681-688.
Nicholls, N., Butler, C.D., Hanigan, I., 2006, Inter-annual rainfall variations and suicide in New South Wales, Australia, 1964-2001, International Journal of Biometeorology, vol 50, issue 3, Springer, Berlin Germany, pp. 139-143.
Nicholls, N., Collins, D., 2006, Observed climate change in Australia over the past century, Energy and Environment, vol 17, issue 1, Multi-Science Publishing, Essex UK, pp. 1-12.
Hope, P.K., Drosdowsky, W., Nicholls, N., 2006, Shifts in the synoptic systems influencing southwest Western Australia, Climate Dynamics, vol 26, issue 7-8 June 2006, Springer, Germany, pp. 751-764.
Naish, S., Hu, W., Nicholls, N., Mackenzie, J.S., McMichael, A.J., Dale, P., Tong, S., 2006, Weather variability, tides and Barmah Forest virus disease in the Gladstone region, Australia, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 114, issue 5, US Department of Health and Human Services, United States, pp. 678-683.
Griffiths, G.M., Chambers, L.E., Haylock, M.R., Manton, M.J., Nicholls, N., Baek, H., Choi, Y., Della-Martin, P.M., Gosai, A., Iga, N., Lata, R., Laurent, V., Maitrepierre, L., Nakamigawa, H., Ouprositwong, N., Solofa, D., Tahani, L., Thuy, D.T., Tibig, I., Trewin, B., Vediapan, K., Zhai, P., 2005, Change in Mean Temperature as a Predictor of extreme temperature Change in the Asia-Pacific Region, International Journal of Climatology, vol 25, issue 10, John Wiley and Sons Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1301-1330.
Nicholls, N., 2005, Climate and culture connections in Australia, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 54, issue 4, Austrlian Govt Publ Serv, Canberra ACT Australia, pp. 309-319.
Nicholls, N., 2005, Climate variability, climate change and the Australian snow season, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 54, issue 3, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, pp. 177-185.
Tong, S., Hu, W., Nicholls, N., Dale, P., Mackenzie, J.S., Patz, J., McMichael, A.J., 2005, Climatic, high tide and vector variables and the transmission of Ross River virus, Internal medicine Journal, vol 35, issue 11, Blackwell Publishing Asia, Australia, pp. 677-680.
Li, F., Chambers, L.E., Nicholls, N., 2005, Relationships between rainfall in the southwest of Western Australia and near-global patterns of sea-surface temperature and mean sea-level pressure variability, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 54, issue 1, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, pp. 23-33.
Nicholls, N., Baek, H., Gosai, A., Chambers, L.E., Choi, Y., Collins, D., Della-Marta, P., Griffiths, G.M., Haylock, M.R., Iga, N., Lata, R., Maitrepierre, L., Manton, M.J., Nakamigawa, H., Ouprasitwong, N., Solofa, D., Tahani, L., Thuy, D.T., Tibig, L., Trewin, B., Vediapan, K., Zhai, P., 2005, The El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation and daily temperature extremes in east Asia and the west Pacific, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 32, issue 16, American Geophysical Union, USA, pp. 1-4.
Power, S.B., Sadler, B., Nicholls, N., 2005, The influence of climate science on water management in Western Australia: Lessons for climate scientists, Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society [P], vol 86, issue 6, American Meteorological Society, Boston USA, pp. 839-844.
Nicholls, N., Della-Martin, P., Collins, D.A., 2004, 20th century changes in temperature and rainfall in New South Wales, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 53, issue 4, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, pp. 263-268.
Page, C.M., Nicholls, N., Plummer, N., Trewin, B., Manton, M.J., Alexander, L., Chambers, L.E., Choi, Y.N., Collins, D.A., Gosai, A., Della-Marta, P., Haylock, M.R., Inape, K., Laurent, V., Maitrepierre, L., Makmur, E.E., Nakamigawa, H., Ouprasitwong, N., McGree, S., Pahalad, J., Salinger, M.J., Tibig, L., Tran, T.D., Vediapan, K., Zhai, P., 2004, Data rescue in the Southeast Asia and South Pacific region: Challenges and opportunities, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol 85, issue 10, American Meteorological Society, Boston USA, pp. 1483-1489.
Hu, W., Nicholls, N., Lindsay, M., Dale, P.S., McMichael, A.J., Mackenzie, J.S., Tong, S., 2004, Development of a Predictive Model for Ross River Virus Disease in Brisbane Australia, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol 71, issue 2, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, United States, pp. 129-137.
Nicholls, N., 2004, The changing nature of Australian droughts, Climatic Change, vol 63, issue 3, Kluwer (Springer), Netherlands, pp. 323-336.
Hope, P.K., Nicholls, N., McGregor, J.L., 2004, The rainfall response to permanent inland water in Australia, Australian Meteorological Magazine, vol 53, issue 4, Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, pp. 251-261.
Nicholls, N., 2003, Continued anomalous warming in Australia, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 30, issue 7, American Geophysical Union, Washing USA, pp. 1370-1372.
McBride, J.L., Haylock, M.R., Nicholls, N., 2003, Relationships between the Maritime continent heat source and the El NinoSouthern Oscillation Phenomenon, Journal of Climate, vol 16, issue 17, American Meteorological Society, Boston USA, pp. 2905-2914.
Nicholls, N., 2001, Atmospheric and climatic hazards: Improved monitoring and prediction for disaster mitigation, Natural Hazards, vol 23, issue 2-3, Kluwer (Springer), Netherlands, pp. 137-155.
Nicholls, N., 2001, Commentary and analysis: The insignificance of significance testing, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol 82, issue 5, American Meteorological Society, Boston USA, pp. 981-986.
Frederiksen, C.S., Zhang, H., Balgovind, R., Nicholls, N., Drosdowsky, W., Chambers, L.E., 2001, Dynamical seasons forecasts during the 1997/98 ENSO using persisted SST anomalies, Journal of Climate, vol 14, issue 12, American Meteorological Society, Boston USA, pp. 2675-2695.
Folland, C.K., Rayner, N.A., Brown, S.J., Smith, T.M., Shen, S.S., Parker, D.E., Macadam, I., Jones, P.D., Jones, R.N., Nicholls, N., Sexton, D.M., 2001, Global temperature change and its uncertainties since 1861, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 28, issue 13, American Geophysical Union, Washington USA, pp. 2621-2624.
Manton, M.J., Della-Martin, P.M., Haylock, M.R., Hennessy, K.J., Nicholls, N., Chambers, L.E., Collins, D.A., Daw, G., Finet, A., Gunawan, D., Inape, K., Isobe, H., Kestin, T.S., Lefale, P., Leyu, C.H., Lwin, T., Maitrepierre, L., Ouprositwong, N., Page, C.M., Pahalad, J., Plummer, N., Salinger, M.J., Suppiah R., Tran, V.L., Trewin, B., Tibig, I., Yee, D., 2001, Trends in extreme daily rainfall and temperature in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific:1961-1998, International Journal of Climatology, vol 21, issue 3, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester England UK, pp. 269-284.
Pearce, J., Beringer, J., Nicholls, N., Tapper, N., 2011, Investigating the short-term effects of air pollution on daily mortality among the elderly using generalized additive distributed lag modelling, Abstracts: ISEE 22nd Annual Conference, Seoul, Korea, 28 August-1 September 2010, 28 August - 1 September, 2010, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 203-204.
Loughnan, M., Nicholls, N., Tapper, N., Chandra, S., 2010, Which postcodes are most vulnerable to hot weather in Melbourne? A spatial analysis of human vulnerability to heat events, Abstracts: ISSE 22nd Annual Conference, Seoul, Korea, 28 August-1 September 2010, 28 August to 1 September 2010, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Inc, Philadelphia, United States of America, p. 140.
Lynch, A.H., Griggs, D.J., Nicholls, N., 2008, Defining the impacts of climate change on catastrophic events, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-17.
Lynch, A.H., Nicholls, N., Alexander, L.V., Griggs, D.J., 2008, Defining the impacts of climate change on extreme events, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, Australia, pp. 1-19.
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