Understanding the motivations behind our education and career choices
Through her research, Helen looks closely at youth pathways, as well as educational and occupational choices. “I’m very interested in why people choose to do the things that they do. I’ve always been a bit of a watcher, and education and occupation are such big defining sets of choices.”
Helen is an Australian Research Council Research Fellow 2011-2015. In this work she follows young adults from high school, through university, and into the early years of their professions to understand what decides them to choose particular careers. Collaborations with researchers around the world afford the opportunity to examine how salient cultural features shape motivations and choices, such as in the newly formed worldwide network she coordinates, Gender and STEM: Educational and Occupational Pathways and Participation Network. Her current research work has implications for redressing the gender imbalance in mathematics related careers, and for supporting the career and professional development of beginning teachers.
Helen has received national and international research awards, attracted substantial external funding, and published in and guest edited leading journals. She is currently Associate Editor for Educational Research Review, and served on Editorial Boards including: Journal of Research on Adolescence; Journal of Experimental Education; Equity, Diversity and Inclusion; and the Australian Journal of Education. She is co-founder and convenor of the national Motivation and Learning Special Interest Group of the Australian Association for Research in Education, and Program Chair for the international Motivation and Education Special Interest Group of the American Educational Research Association.
“We’ve found that for girls, their interests play a really large role in their career choices. For boys, however, it’s much more about their perceived skills and values. This fits a lot with early socialization - how parents want girls to be happy, and boys to be successful.”
Helen is following the trajectories of people in law, science, technology, maths, and engineering careers. She is particularly interested in teachers, since their career attitudes play such a big part in subsequent generations’ attitudes.
In the worldwide FIT-Choice study of teachers she is conducting with Associate Professor Paul Richardson, Helen identified a distinct typology among beginning teachers, including groups such as ‘highly engaged persisters’, ‘lower engaged desisters’, and ‘highly engaged switchers’.
Understanding the motivations and expectations of preservice teachers is especially important in an industry that sees a 50 per cent turnover of teachers in their first five years.
Helen says the assumption has been that preservice teachers get out to the schools and suffer reality shock. However, the FIT-Choice project has determined that this high turnover is not necessarily a poor reflection of teacher education or induction. Rather, the turnover also reflects teachers’ own preformed agenda and vision for themselves.
“Sixty per cent of preservice teachers are already very clear about not wanting to stay because they have another plan in mind later. They’ll give reasons such as, ‘I don’t want to do any single job for my whole life,’ or ‘I need new challenges’. We should plan for replacement. It’s not so different from other professions – why would we think that teaching would be immune to a changing work context?”
So what does she recommend to people choosing their degree, or planning a new career?
“I would imagine pursuing your interests would optimise your wellbeing and satisfaction, but pursuing your skills might optimise your performance and effectiveness. Probably the healthiest is some balance between the two.”
Associate Professor Helen Watt is an experienced research supervisor, having supervised PhD, Masters and Honours students at Monash, where she has been repeatedly nominated for Monash Postgraduate Association “Supervisor of the Year” (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010), and previously at the University of Western Sydney and University of Sydney. Several of Helen’s students have gone on to publish their work in books and journals and to win major national and international research awards and prizes as a result of the quality of their thesis research.
For further information:
• STEPS Study of Transitions and Education Pathways, http://www.stepsstudy.org/
• FIT-Choice Project: Factors Influencing Teaching Choice, http://www.fitchoice.org/
• Research Supervision, http://users.monash.edu.au/~hwatt/supervision.htm
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W. (eds), 2012, Teaching motivations in different countries: Comparisons using the Fit-Choice scale, Routledge, Melbourne Victoria Australia.
Watt, H.M.G., Eccles, J.S. (eds), 2008, Gender and Occupational Outcomes. Longitudinal Assessments of Individual, Social, and Cultural Influences, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W. (eds), 2008, Learning and Instruction Special Issue: Motivation for Teaching, Elsevier, The Netherlands.
Watt, H.M.G., Eccles, J.S. (eds), 2006, Understanding Women's Choice of Mathematics- and Science-Related Careers: Longitudinal studies from four countries. Special issue of: Educational Research and Evaluation., Routledge, United Kingdom.
Watt, H.M.G., Eccles, J.S. (eds), 2006, Understanding women's choice of mathematics- and science- related careers: longitudinal studies from four countries, Routledge, London UK.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2013, Teacher motivation and student achievement outcomes, in International Guide to Student Achievement, eds John Hattie and Eric M. Anderman, Routledge, USA, pp. 271-273.
Riley, P.J., Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., De Alwis, N.H., 2012, Relations among beginning teachers self-reported aggression, unconscious motives, personality, role stress, self-efficacy and burnout, in Interpersonal Relationships in Education: An Overview of Contemporary Research, eds Theo Wubbels, Perry den Brok, Jan van Tartwijk, Jack Levy, Sense, Rotterdam The Netherlands, pp. 151-166.
Richardson, P.W., Watt, H.M.G., 2010, Current and future directions in teacher motivation research, in The Decade Ahead: Applications and Contexts of Motivation and Achievement, eds Timothy C. Urdan and Stuart A. Karabenick, Emerald, UK, pp. 139-173.
De Alwis, N.H., Watt, H.M.G., 2010, Entrepreneurial and other career motivations among engineering students, in Handbook of Research on High-Technology Entrepreneurs, eds Ayala Malach-Pines and Mustafa F Ozbilgin, Edward Elgar Publishing, UK, pp. 267-280.
Watt, H.M.G., 2010, Gender and occupational choice, in Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, eds Joan C. Chrisler and Donald R. McCreary, Springer, New York, pp. 379-400.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Pietsch, J.R., 2009, Choosing to teach in the ''STEM'' disciplines: Characteristics and motivations of science, technology, and mathematics teachers from Australia and the United States, in Teacher Education: Policy, Practice and Research, eds Anthony Selkirk & Maria Tichenor, Nova Science Publishers, New York, USA, pp. 285-309.
Watt, H.M.G., 2008, Gender and occupational outcomes: An introduction, in Gender and Occupational Outcomes. Longitudinal Assessments of Individual, Social, and Cultural Influences, eds Helen M.G. Watt and Jacquelynne S. Eccles, American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp. 3-24.
Watt, H.M.G., 2008, What motivates females and males to pursue sex-stereotyped careers?, in Gender and Occupational Outcomes. Longitudinal Assessments of Individual, Social, and Cultural Influences, eds HMG Watt and Jacquelynne S. Eccles, American Psychological Association, Washington DC USA, pp. 87-113.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Tysvaer, N.N., 2007, Profiles of beginning teachers' professional engagement and career development aspirations, in Dimensions of Professional Learning. Professionalism, Practice and Identity, eds Amanda Berry, Allie Clemans and Alexander Kostogriz, Sense Publishers, Rotterdam, pp. 155-176.
Richardson, P.W., Watt, H.M.G., Tysvaer, N.N., 2007, What motivates people from business-related careers to change to teaching?, in Career Choice in Management and Entrepreneurship: A Research Comparison, eds Mustaf F. Ozbilgin and Ayala Malach-Pines, Edward Elgar Publishing, UK, pp. 219-239.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2012, An introduction to teaching motivations in different countries: Comparisons using the FIT-Choice scale, Asia - Pacific Journal of Teacher Education [P], vol 40, issue 3, Routledge, Melbourne Victoria Australia, pp. 185-197.
Kilinc, A., Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2012, Factors influencing teaching choice in Turkey, Asia - Pacific Journal of Teacher Education [P], vol 40, issue 3, Routledge, Melbourne Victoria Australia, pp. 199-226.
Watt, H.M.G., Shapka, J.D., Morris, Z., Durik, A.M., Keating, D.P., Eccles, J.S., 2012, Gendered motivational processes affecting high school mathematics participation, educational aspirations, and career plans: A comparison of samples from Australia, Canada, and the United States, Developmental Psychology [P], vol 48, issue 6, American Psychological Association, Washington DC United States, pp. 1594-1611.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Klusmann, U., Kunter, M., Beyer, B., Trautwein, U., Baumert, J., 2012, Motivations for choosing teaching as a career: An international comparison using the FIT-Choice scale., Teaching and Teacher Education [E], vol 28, issue 6, Pergamon, Oxford United Kingdom, pp. 791-805.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2011, FIT-Choice: Attracting and sustaining 'fit' teachers in the profession, Professional Educator [P], vol 10, issue 2, Australian College of Educators, Carlton Victoria Australia, pp. 28-29.
Frenzel, A.C., Goetz, T., Pekrun, R., Watt, H.M.G., 2010, Development of Mathematics Interest in Adolescence: Influences of Gender, Family, and School Context, Journal of Research on Adolescence [E], vol 20, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc., US, pp. 507-537.
Castan, M., Paterson, J., Richardson, P., Watt, H., Dever, M., 2010, Early optimism? First-year law students' work expectations and aspirations, Legal Education Review [P], vol 20, issue 1 and 2, Australasian Law Teachers Association, Lindfield, NSW, Australia, pp. 1-11.
Nagy, G., Watt, H.M.G., Eccles, J.S., Trautwein, U., Ludtke, O., Baumert, J., 2010, The Development of Students' Mathematics Self-Concept in Relation to Gender: Different Countries, Different Trajectories?, Journal Of Research On Adolescence [P], vol 20, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc., US, pp. 482-506.
Watt, H.M.G., 2008, A latent growth curve modeling approach using an accelerated longitudinal design: The ontogeny of boys' and girls' talent perceptions and intrinsic values through adolescence, Educational Research and Evaluation, vol 14, issue 4, Routledge, United Kingdom, pp. 287-304.
Richardson, P.W., Watt, H.M.G., 2008, Career change? (short excerpt from a chapter written by Richardson, Watt & Tysvaer), Monash Business Review, vol 4, issue 3, Monash University (Industry Engagement Group, Faculty of Bus. & Eco.), Australia, pp. 7-9.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2008, Guest Editorial. Motivation for teaching, Motivation for Teaching. Special Issue: Learning and Instruction, vol 18, issue 5, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 405-407.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2008, Motivations, perceptions, and aspirations concerning teaching as a career for different types of beginning teachers, Motivation for Teaching. Special Issue: Learning and Instruction, vol 18, issue 5, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 408-428.
Watt, H.M.G., 2007, A trickle from the pipeline, Professional Educator, vol 6, issue 3, Australian College of Educators, NSW Australia, pp. 36-41.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2007, Motivational factors influencing teaching as a career choice: Development and validation of the FIT-Choice scale, Journal of Experimental Education, vol 75, issue 3, Heldref Publications, United States, pp. 167-202.
Hawkins, C.C., Watt, H.M.G., Sinclair, K.E., 2006, Psychometric properties of the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale with Australian adolescent girls: clarification of multidimensionality and perfectionist typology, Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol 66, issue 6, Sage Publications, Inc., USA, pp. 1001-1022.
Watt, H.M.G., Eccles, J.S., Durik, A.M., 2006, The leaky mathematics pipeline for girls: a motivational analysis of high school enrolments in Australia and the USA, Equal Opportunities International, vol 25, issue 8, Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, UK, pp. 642-659.
Watt, H.M.G., 2006, The role of motivation in gendered educational and occupational trajectories related to maths, `Understanding women's choice of mathematics and science related careers: Longitudinal studies from four countries?. Special Issue of Educational Research and Evaluation, vol 12, issue 4, Routledge, London UK, pp. 305-322.
Richardson, P.W., Watt, H.M.G., 2006, Who chooses teaching and why? Profiling characteristics and motivations across three Australian universities, Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, vol 34, issue 1, Routledge, UK, pp. 27-56.
Watt, H.M.G., 2005, Attitudes to the use of alternative assessment methods in mathematics: a study with secondary mathematics teachers in Sydney, Australia, Educational Studies in Mathematics, vol 58, issue 1, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 21-44.
Watt, H.M.G., 2005, Explaining gendered math enrollments for NSW Australian secondary school students., New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, issue Winter, Wiley Periodicals, Inc, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jissue/112165460, pp. 15-29.
Watt, H.M.G., 2005, Exploring adolescent motivations for pursuing maths-related careers, Australian Journal of Educational & Developmental Psychology, vol 5, University of Newcastle, Newcastle NSW Australia, pp. 107-116.
Richardson, P.W., Watt, H.M.G., 2005, 'I've decided to become a teacher': influences on career change, Teaching and Teacher Education, vol 21, issue 5, Elsevier, UK, pp. 457-489.
Watt, H.M.G., 2004, Development of adolescents' self perceptions, values and task perceptions according to gender and domain in 7th through 11th grade Australian students, Child Development, vol 75, issue 5, Blackwell Publishing, Inc., http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/toc/cdev/75/5, pp. 1556-1574.
Watt, H.M.G., Bornholt, L.J., 2004, Gendered perceptions of talent and planned participation in Mathematics, Australian Journal of Career Development, issue Spring 1994, ACER, Camberwell Vic Australia, pp. 43-50.
Cocks, R.J., Watt, H.M.G., 2004, Relationships among perceived competence, intrinsic value and mastery goal orientation in English and Maths, Australian Educational Researcher, vol 31, issue 2, Australian Association for Research in Education, http://www.aare.edu.au/aer/online/40020f.pdf, pp. 81-111.
Kritikos, V., Watt, H.M.G., Krass, I., Sainsbury, E.J., Bosnic-Anticevich, S.Z., 2003, Pharmacy students' perceptions of their profession relative to other health care professions, International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, vol 11, issue 2, Pharmaceutical Press, http://journals.medicinescomplete.com/journals/ijpp/current/, pp. 121-129.
Tonkin, S., Watt, H.M.G., 2003, Self-concept over the transition from primary to secondary school: a case study on the program for girls, Issues in Educational Research, vol 13, issue 2, Western Australian Insitute for Educational Research Inc., Perth WA Australia, pp. 27-54.
Summerville, B., Watt, H.M.G., 2003, Skin cancer risk behaviours among adolescents in a Sydney metropolitan school, Health Promotion Journal of Australia, vol 14, issue 2, Australian Health Promotion Association, Maroochydore Qld Australia, pp. 123-127.
Watt, H.M.G., 2002, Exploring adolescent personal and social gender sterotypes about maths: an explanation for continued gender differences in participation?, Change: Transformations in Education, vol 5, issue 2, University of Sydney, Faculty of Education and Social Work, Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 39-54.
Watt, H.M.G., 2000, Measuring attitudinal change in mathematics and English over the first year of junior high school: A multidimensional analysis, Journal of Experimental Education, vol 68, issue 4, Heldref Publications, http://www.heldref.org/jexpe.php, pp. 331-361.
Watt, H.M.G., Bornholt, L.J., 2000, Social categories and student perceptions in high school mathematics, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol 30, issue 7, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc., Hoboken NJ USA, pp. 1492-1503.
Dickson, J., Fleet, A., Watt, H.M.G., 2000, Success or failure in a core University unit: what makes the difference?, Higher Education Research and Development, vol 19, issue 1, Routledge, UK, pp. 59-73.
Hayes, A., Watt, H.M.G., 1998, Work and family life: contemporary realities, current expectations and future prospects, Australian Journal of Early Childhood, vol 23, issue 3, Early Childhood Australia Inc., Australia, pp. 33-39.
Guns, A., Watt, H., Richardson, P., 2012, The influence of pre-service teachers' motivations and perceptions on career trajectories, AARE 2011 Conference Proceedings, 27 Nov - 1 Dec 2011, AARE, Coldstream Vic Australia, pp. 1-19.
Watt, H.M.G., 2009, An expectancy-value approach to teacher motivation: Why choose teaching? Paper presented in symposium 'Motivation for teaching: Utilising diverse motivational theories' (Discussant - Avi Kaplan). Paper presented at the AERA Annual Conference., Proceedings of the AERA Annual Conference (2009), 13 - 17 April, 2009, American Educational Research Association (AERA), United States, p. 0.
Watt, H.M.G., 2009, Boys and girls, interest and ability beliefs, maths and English: A longitudinal Australian study. Paper presented in symposium 'Developmental trajectories within and across domains: Consideration of gender, interest, and beliefs', Proceedings of the EARLI 13th Biennial Conference (2009), 25 - 29 August, 2009, European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI), Belgium / The Netherlands, p. 0.
Ku, W.S., Watt, H.M.G., 2009, Effects of gender and gender role orientation on high school students teaching perceptions and aspirations in Hong Kong, AARE 2009 Conference Proceedings, 29/11/2009-03/12/2009, Australian Association for Research in Education, Deakin Australian Capital Territory Australia, p. E.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2009, Motivations for teaching and their relationships with professional engagement types: An expectancy-value perspective. Invited paper presented in Motivation SIG Keynote Symposium (Discussant - Tim Urdan)., Proceedings of the EARLI 13th Biennial Conference (2009), 25 - 29 August, 2009, European Association for Research on Learning and Instruction (EARLI), Belgium / The Netherlands, p. 0.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Pietsch, J.R., 2007, Choosing to teach in the 'STEM' disciplines: Characteristics and motivations of science, ICT, and mathematics teachers, Mathematics: Essential Research, Essential Practice - Volume 2, 2 July 2007 to 6 July 2007, MERGA Inc., Adelaide, pp. 795-804.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Pietsch, J., 2007, Choosing to teach in the 'STEM' disciplines: Characteristics and motivations of science, ICT, and mathematics teachers, Mathematics: Essential Research, Essential Practice, 02/07/2007-06/07/2007, Mathematics Education Research Group of Australia, Adelaide South Australia Australia, pp. 795-804.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Gilbert, M., 2007, Motivations for beginning, aspiring to, or rejecting teaching careers from late adolescence through adulthood, 2007 AERA Annual Meeting. The World of Educational Quality, 9 April 2007 to 13 April 2007, AERA, Washington DC, p. 1.
Watt, H.M.G., 2006, Change in teacher efficacy beliefs and student self-, task- & value-related maths motivations during the junior high transition, American Educational Research Association (AERA) 2006 Annual Meeting, 7 April 2006 - 11 April 2006, AERA, Washington DC.
Watt, H.M.G., 2006, Emerging adults' intentions for math-related careers: a gendered motivational analysis, Society for Research on Adolescence (SRA) Biennial meeting, 23 March 2006 - 26 March 2006, Society for Research on Adolescence, Ann Arbor Michigan, p. 1.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., Moje, E.B., 2006, More than reading books: examining the range of adolescent literacy and relationships to academic and social well-being, American Educational Research Association (AERA) 2006 Annual Meeting, 7 April 2006 -11 April 2006, AERA, Washington DC, p. 1.
Hawkins, C.C., Watt, H.M.G., Sinclair, K.E., 2006, Perfectionism: clarification of multidimensionality and perfectionist typology using the Frost multidimensional perfectionism scale, AERA Annual Meeting 2006, 7 April 2006 -11 April 2006, AERA, Washington DC, p. 1.
Nagy, G., Watt, H.M.G., Trautwein, U., Ludtke, O., Eccles, J., Baumert, J., 2006, The development of students' mathematics self-concept in relation to gender: different countries, different trajectories?, Self -concept, Motivation, Social and Personal Identity for the 21st Century. Proceedings of the 4th International Biennial SELF Research Conference, 23 July 2006 - 27 July 2006, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan, p. 1.
Watt, H.M.G., 2006, The ontogeny of task values and self-perceptions across domains as a function, 19th Biennial Meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development 2006, 2 July 2006 - 6 July 2006, ISSBD, Melbourne Vic Australia, p. 1.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2005, Rewards of reading for pleasure: relationships between voluntary reading and post-secondary educational participation for African American and European American males and females from early adolescence through emerging adulthood, ECER 2005, 7 - 10 September 2005, Faculty of Education, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.
Watt, H.M.G., 2004, Boys and English: do boys 'disengage' from English through secondary school?, Self-concept, Motivation and Identity: Where to from Here? Proceedings of the 3rd International Biennial SELF Research Conference, 4 July 2004 to 7 July 2004, The SELF Research Centre, University of Western Sydney, Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 1-8.
Richardson, P.W., Watt, H.M.G., 2004, Graduate entry into teaching: Motivations and beliefs for career change, AERA 2004 Annual Meeting Program, 12/04/04 - 16/04/04, AERA, http://convention.allacademic.com/aera2004/schedule.html, p. 1.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2004, Self-concept of teaching ability and values for teaching: definition, measurement and relative influences on the choice of teaching as a career, Proceedings of the Third International Biennial SELF Research Conference, 04/07/04 to 07/07/04, SELF Research Centre, http://self.uws.edu.au/Conferences/2004_conference.htm, pp. 1-6.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2004, Why choose to teach? Motivations for entering the profession based on the 'FIT-Choice' Scale, AERA 2004 Annual Meeting Program, 12/04/04 - 16/04/04, AERA, http://convention.allacademic.com/aera2004/schedule.html, p. 1.
Richardson, P., Watt, H.M.G., 2002, A survey investigation of influences and choices in attracting graduates into teaching, Australian Association for Research in Education 2002 Conference Papers, 1 December 2002 to 5 December 2002, Australian Association for Research in Education, http://www.aare.edu.au/02pap/ric02556.htm, pp. 1-17.
Richardson, P.W., Watt, H.M.G., 2011, "FIT" to teach: Sustaining a healthy workforce, Victorian Institute of Teaching Twilight Seminar video, Victorian Institute of Teaching, Melbourne Victoria Australia.
Shah, C., Long, M., Watt, H., 2011, Review of teacher supply and demand in South Australia, Centre for the Economics of Education and Training, Monash University, Melbourne, pp. 1-22.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, E.J., Richardson, P.W., 2008, Employment details, experiences of support and induction, self-efficacies, and career aspirations for short-term contract (STC) vs. permanent beginning teachers in Victoria, 2007. (Short Name: V.I.T. STC Project)., Australia, pp. 1-35.
Watt, H.M.G., 2007, Bravado puts boys in maths fast lane, Sydney Morning Herald, Fairfax, Sydney NSW Australia.
Watt, H.M.G., 2007, Interview on Panorama, Panorama, SYN FM, March 1 2007, SYN FM, Australia.
Watt, H.M.G., Eccles, J.S., 2006, Preface to the special issue, Preface to the special issue of the Journal 'Educational Research and Evaluation', Vol. 12, No. 4, Routledge, UK.
Watt, H.M.G., Richardson, P.W., 2004, A new model for exploring teaching as a feminized profession, Paper presented at the Gender Development Research Conference, San Francisco, 23/04/04 to 24/04/04.
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