Monash University > Research at Monash > Our people > Researcher profiles

Assoc Prof Christopher Sobey - Researcher Profile

Address

Department of Pharmacology
Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Clayton

Contact Details

Email: Chris.Sobey@monash.edu

Profile
Summary
Qualifications
Publications
Supervisions

Biography

Stem cells carry hope for stroke victims

Imagine that you could send into a stroke-damaged brain the equivalent of a tiny pharmacy, bearing a supply of healing agents to aid repair and recovery. Sound like a dream? It’s well on the way to becoming a reality, says Associate Professor Chris Sobey, who sees great promise in his research into stem cell therapy for strokes.

Read the rest of the profile

Strokes are a major killer, second only to heart disease, but they are also a leading cause of adult disability. Many survivors are left severely incapacitated. Because strokes mainly affect older people, they will be an increasing problem for an ageing population. But little can be done to limit their damage.

“There are really no treatments,” Chris says.

Most strokes are caused by a blockage of blood to the brain: neurons die very quickly without oxygen. A ‘clot-buster’ drug called tPA can help restore blood flow, but has limited use as it must be given within several hours and will help only some types of stroke.

Chris, an NHMRC senior research fellow whose work is also supported by the National Heart Foundation, is interested in cardiovascular research generally. As a pharmacologist he is in the business of identifying new treatments, and has an interest in both drug and cell-based therapies.

His group’s drug research is based on awareness that the initial damage caused by a stroke tends to worsen during the following hours or days.

This is probably related to inflammation sparked by white blood cells rushing into the brain. Their role is to repair, but they may create more problems as they cause the tissue to swell. The brain, in its hard skull, cannot expand as injured tissue elsewhere can, so pressure builds up, preventing more blood coming in.

“There’s a real case for drugs to be developed to be given in conjunction with the tPA, to quieten the inflammation down,” Chris says.

“There’s lots of sophisticated signalling that underlies the entrance of these white blood cells to the brain. We’re trying to understand which ones we should be trying to block and which ones we should be trying to enhance and what drugs are the best to do that.”

While this work is sufficiently advanced to give hope, it is Chris’s work on stem cells that really fires the imagination. He uses cells from the amniotic fluid that surrounds a baby in the womb, and is usually discarded at birth.

These cells have extraordinary healing capacity, he says, going to wherever damage has occurred and repairing it. Unlike a drug, which needs repeated doses, they continue working for a period of time: “I think of them as little pharmacies coming in to where they need to be.”

Given soon after a stroke, the cells reduce damage. Perhaps even more remarkably, it seems that even if they are administered days later, they can help promote the capacity of the undamaged part of the brain to pick up lost functions.

“People have started to realise in the last five to 10 years that although it is a problem that part of your brain has effectively died off, the rest of it has the ability to take over at least to some degree and in some people to a large degree,” Chris says.

“I think perhaps the emphasis should be shifting to the ability to recover and not just trying to limit the damage or target the sick tissue.”

While acknowledging the role of physiotherapy and drugs in helping that process, Chris says the key element may well be the “quite remarkable” capacities of stem cells.

“I think there is the potential for a lot more to be done to help people,” Chris says.

“That’s what we are working on. There is such a big need.”

Qualifications

PHD: Institution: The University of Melbourne; Year awarded: 1991

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS): Institution: The University of Melbourne; Year awarded: 1987

Publications

Book Chapters

Sobey, C.G., Faraci, F.M., Heistad, D.D., 2004, Vascular Biology and Atherosclerosis of Cerebral Arteries, in STROKE Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, eds J P Mohr, Bryce Weir, Dennis W Choi,Philip A Wolf and James C Grotta, Churchill Livingstone (an imprint of Elsevier Inc), USA, pp. 763-774.

Journal Articles

Devi, S., Li, A., Westhorpe, C.L., Lo, C.Y., Abeynaike, L., Snelgrove, S.L., Hall, P.H., Sobey, C.G., Kitching, A.R., Hickey, M.J., 2013, Multiphoton imaging reveals a new leukocyte recruitment paradigm in the glomerulus, Nature Medicine [P], vol 19, issue 1, Nature Publishing Group, United States, pp. 107-112.

Broughton, B.R., Brait, V.H., Guida, E., Lee, S., Arumugam, T.V., Gardiner-Mann, C.V., Miller, A.A., Tang, S., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2013, Stroke Increases G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor Expression in the Brain of Male but Not Female Mice, Neurosignals [P], vol E-pub, S Karger AG, Switzerland, pp. 1-11.

Thundyil, J., Pavlovski, D., Sobey, C., Arumugam, T., 2012, Adiponectin Receptor Signalling in the Brain, British Journal of Pharmacology [P], vol 165, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell, USA, pp. 313-327.

Dinh, Q.N., Arumugam, T.V., Young, M.J., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., Chrissobolis, S., 2012, Aldosterone and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the cerebral circulation and stroke, Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine [E], vol 4, issue 1 (Art. No.: 21), BioMed Central Ltd, UK, pp. 1-21.

McCarthy, C.A., Vinh, A., Broughton, B.R., Sobey, C.G., Callaway, J.K., Widdop, R.E., 2012, Angiotensin II Type 2 receptor stimulation initiated after stroke causes neuroprotection in conscious rats, Hypertension [P], vol 60, issue 6, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 1531-1537.

Kim, H.A., Brait, V.H., Lee, S.[., De Silva, T.M., Diep, H., Mast, A., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2012, Brain infarct volume after permanent focal ischemia is not dependent on Nox2 expression, Brain Research [P], vol 1483, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 105-111.

Rivera, J., Walduck, A.K., Stugnell, R.A., Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., 2012, Chlamydia pneumoniae induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype in murine vascular smooth muscle cells independently of elevating reactive oxygen species , Clinical And Experimental Pharmacology And Physiology [P], vol 39, issue 3, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia, Australia, pp. 218-226.

Brait, V.H., Arumugam, T.V., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2012, Importance of T lymphocytes in brain injury, immunodeficiency, and recovery after cerebral ischemia, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism [P], vol 32, issue 4, Nature Publishing Group, USA, pp. 598-611.

Widiapradja, A., Vegh, V., Lok, K., Manzanero, S., Thundyil, J., Gelderblom, M., Cheng, Y., Pavlovski, D., Tang, S., Jo, D., Magnus, T., Chan, S.L., Sobey, C.G., Reutens, D.C., Basta, M., Mattson, M.P., Arumugam, T.V., 2012, Intravenous immunoglobulin protects neurons against amyloid beta-peptide toxicity and ischemic stroke by attenuating multiple cell death pathways, Journal of Neurochemistry [E], vol 122, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, USA, pp. 321-332.

Coso, S., Harrison, I., Harrison, C., Vinh, A., Sobey, C., Drummond, G., Williams, E., Selemidis, S., 2012, NADPH oxidases as regulators of tumor angiogenesis: current and emerging concepts, Antioxidants and Redox Signaling [P], vol 16, issue 11, Mary Ann Liebert Inc Publishers, United States, pp. 1229-1247.

Harrison, C.B., Selemidis, S., Guida, E., Sobey, C.G., King, P.T., Drummond, G.R., 2012, NOX2�: a novel splice variant of NOX2 that regulates NADPH oxidase activity in macrophages, PLoS ONE [P], vol 7, issue 10 (Art. NO.: e48326), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-14.

Lee, S., Brait, V.H., Arumugam, T., Evans, M., Kim, H.H.A., Widdop, R.E., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., Jones, E.S., 2012, Neuroprotective effect of an angiotensin receptor type 2 agonist following cerebral ischemia in vitro and in vivo, Experimental & Translational Stroke Medicine [E], vol 4, issue 1 (Art. No.: 16), BioMed Central Ltd, UK, pp. 1-9.

Brait, V.H., Martin, K.R., Corlett, A.R.I., Broughton, B.R., Kim, H., Thundyil, J., Drummond, G.R., Arumugam, T.V., Pritchard, M.A., Sobey, C.G., 2012, Over-expression of DSCR1 protects against post-ischemic neuronal injury, PLoS ONE [P], vol 7, issue 10 (Art. No.: e47841), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-8.

Chan, C., Moore, J., Budzyn, K., Guida, E., Diep, H., Vinh, A., Jones, E.S., Widdop, R.E., Armitage, J.A., Sakkal, S., Ricardo, S.D., Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., 2012, Reversal of vascular macrophage accumulation and hypertension by a CCR2 antagonist in deoxycorticosterone/salt-treated mice, Hypertension [P], vol 60, issue 5, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 1207-1212.

Chrissobolis, S., Banfi, B., Sobey, C.G., Faraci, F.M., 2012, Role of Nox isoforms in angiotensin II-induced oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in brain, Journal Of Applied Physiology [P], vol 113, issue 2, American Physiological Society, USA, pp. 184-191.

Kim, H., Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Thrift, A.G., Arumugam, T., Phan, T.G., Srikanth, V.K., Sobey, C.G., 2012, Vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: role of cerebral hypoperfusion and oxidative stress, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology [P], vol 385, issue 10, Springer, Germany, pp. 953-959.

Brait, V.H., Rivera, J., Broughton, B.R., Lee, S., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2011, Chemokine-related gene expression in the brain following ischemic stroke: No role for CXCR2 in outcome, Brain Research [P], vol 1372, Elzevier BV, The Netherlands, pp. 169-179.

Drummond, G.R., Selemidis, S., Griendling, K., Sobey, C.G., 2011, Combating oxidative stress in vascular disease: NADPH oxidases as therapeutic targets, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery [P], vol 10, issue 6, Nature Publishing Group, UK, pp. 453-471.

Arumugam, T., Cheng, Y., Choi, Y., Choi, Y., Yang, S., Yun, Y., Park, J., Yang, D., Thundyil, J., Gelderblom, M., Karamyan, V.T., Tang, S., Chan, S.L., Magnus, T., Sobey, C.G., Jo, D., 2011, Evidence that gamma-secretase-mediated Notch signaling induces neuronal cell death via the nuclear factor-kappaB-Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death pathway in ischemic stroke, Molecular Pharmacology [P], vol 80, issue 1, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, USA, pp. 23-31.

Lim, R., Sobey, C., 2011, Maternal nicotine exposure and fetal programming of vascular oxidative stress in adult offspring, British Journal of Pharmacology [P], vol 164, issue 5, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1397-1399.

De Silva, T.M., Brait, V.H., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., Miller, A.A., 2011, Nox2 oxidase activity accounts for the oxidative stress and vasomotor dysfunction in mouse cerebral arteries following ischemic stroke, PLoS ONE [P], vol 6, issue 12 (Art. No: e28393), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-9.

Chrissobolis, S., Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Kemp-Harper, B.K., Sobey, C.G., 2011, Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease, Frontiers in Bioscience [P], vol 16, Frontiers in Bioscience, USA, pp. 1733-1745.

Woodruff, T.M., Thundyil, J., Tang, S., Sobey, C.G., Taylor, S.M., Arumugam, T., 2011, Pathophysiology, treatment, and animal and cellular models of human ischemic stroke, Molecular Neurodegeneration [P], vol 6, issue 1 (Art. No: 11), BioMed Central Ltd, UK, pp. 1-19.

Jackman, K.A., Brait, V.H., Wang, Y., Maghzal, G.J., Ball, H.J., McKenzie, G., De Silva, T.M., Stocker, R., Sobey, C.G., 2011, Vascular expression, activity and function of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 following cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion in mice, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology [P], vol 383, issue 5, Springer, Germany, pp. 471-481.

Bullen, M., Miller, A., Dharmarajah, J., Drummond, G., Sobey, C., Kemp, B., 2011, Vasorelaxant and antiaggregatory actions of the nitroxyl donor isopropylamine NONOate are maintained in hypercholesterolemia, American Journal Of Physiology-Heart And Circulatory Physiology [P], vol 301, issue 4, American Physiological Society, USA, pp. H1405-H1414.

Rivera, J., Sobey, C.G., Walduck, A.K., Drummond, G.R., 2010, Nox isoforms in vascular pathophysiology: insights from transgenic and knockout mouse models, Redox Report [P], vol 15, issue 2, Maney Publishing, UK, Australia, pp. 50-63.

Miller, A.A., De Silva, T.M., Judkins, C.P., Diep, H., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2010, Augmented superoxide production by Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase causes cerebral artery dysfunction during hypercholesterolemia, Stroke [P], vol 41, issue 4, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 784-789.

Judkins, C.P., Diep, H., Broughton, B.R.S., Mast, A., Hooker, E.U., Miller, A.A., Selemidis, S., Dusting, G.J., Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., 2010, Direct evidence of a role for Nox2 in superoxide production, reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, and early atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE -/- mice, American Journal Of Physiology-Heart And Circulator..., vol 298, issue 1, American Physiological Society, USA, pp. H-24-H-32.

Broughton, B.R.S., Miller, A.A., Sobey, C.G., 2010, Endothelium-dependent relaxation by G protein-coupled receptor 30 agonists in rat carotid arteries, American Journal Of Physiology-Heart And Circulatory Physiology [P], vol 298, issue 3, American Physiological Society, USA, pp. H1055-H1061.

Harrison, C.B., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., Selemidis, S., 2010, Evidence that nitric oxide inhibits vascular inflammation and superoxide production via a p47phox-dependent mechanism in mice, Clinical And Experimental Pharmacology And Physio..., vol 37, issue 4, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia, Australia, pp. 429-434.

Brait, V.H., Jackman, K.A., Walduck, A., Selemidis, S., Diep, H., Mast, A., Guida, E., Broughton, B.R., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2010, Mechanisms contributing to cerebral infarct size after stroke: gender, reperfusion, T lymphocytes, and Nox2-derived superoxide, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism [P], vol 30, issue 7, Nature Publishing Group, USA, pp. 1306-1317.

Bullen, M.L., Miller, A.A., Andrews, K., Irvine, J.C., Ritchie, R.H., Sobey, C.G., Kemp-Harper, B.K., 2010, Nitroxyl (HNO) as a vasoprotective signaling molecule, Antioxidants and Redox Signaling [P], vol 14, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Publishers, USA, pp. 1675-1686.

Budzyn, K., Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., 2010, Reduced cerebrovascular remodeling and functional impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats following combined treatment with suboptimal doses of telmisartan and ramipril: is less really more?, Journal of Hypertension [P], vol 28, issue 7, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ltd, USA, pp. 1384-1389.

Dharmarajah, J., Arthur, J.F., Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., 2010, The anti-platelet effects of apocynin in mice are not mediated by inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology [P], vol 382, issue 4, Springer, Germany, pp. 377-384.

Miller, A.A., Budzyn, K., Sobey, C.G., 2010, Vascular dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease: mechanisms and therapeutic intervention, Clinical Science [P], vol 119, issue 1, Portland Press Ltd, UK, pp. 1-17.

Broughton, B.R.S., Reutens, D.C., Sobey, C.G., 2009, Apoptotic mechanisms after cerebral ischemia, Stroke, vol 40, issue 5, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 331-339.

De Silva, T.M., Broughton, B.R.S., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., Miller, A.A., 2009, Gender influences cerebral vascular responses to angiotensin II through Nox2-derived reactive oxygen species, Stroke, vol 40, issue 4, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 1091-1097.

Jackman, K.A., Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2009, Importance of NOX1 for angiotensin II-induced cerebrovascular superoxide production and cortical infarct volume following ischemic stroke, Brain Research [P], vol 1286, Elsevier BV, The Netherlands, pp. 215-220.

Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., De Silva, T.M., Mast, A., Hickey, H., Williams, J.P., Broughton, B.R.S., Sobey, C.G., 2009, NADPH oxidase activity is higher in cerebral versus systemic arteries of four animal species: Role of Nox2, American Journal of Physiology: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol 296, American Physiological Society, USA, pp. H220-H225.

Peshavariya, H.M., Dusting, G.J., Jiang, F., Halmos, L.R., Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., Selemidis, S., 2009, NADPH oxidase isoform selective regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and survival, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, vol 380, issue 2, Springer, Germany, pp. 193-204.

Jackman, K.A., Miller, A.A., De Silva, T.M., Crack, P.J., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2009, Reduction of cerebral infarct volume by apocynin requires pretreatment and is absent in Nox2-deficient mice, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol 156, issue 4, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK, pp. 680-688.

Budzyn, K., Ravi, R.M., Miller, A.A., Sobey, C.G., 2008, Mechanisms of augmented vasoconstriction induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine in aortic rings from spontaneously hypertensive rats, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol 155, issue 2, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. (Nature Publishing Group), United Kingdom, pp. 210-216.

Selemidis, S., Sobey, C.G., Wingler, K., Schmidt, H., Drummond, G.R., 2008, NADPH oxidases in the vasculature: Molecular features, roles in disease and pharmacological inhibition, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol 120, issue 3, Elsevier Inc., United States, pp. 254-291.

Miller, A.A., De Silva, T.M., Jackman, K.A., Sobey, C.G., 2007, Effect of gender and sex hormones on vascular oxidative stress, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, vol 34, issue 10, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford England UK, pp. 1037-1043.

Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Mast, A., Schmidt, H.H., Sobey, C.G., 2007, Effect of gender on NADPH-Oxidase activity, expression, and function in the cerebral circulation: role of estrogen, Stroke, vol 38, issue 7, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia PA USA, pp. 2142-2149.

Jackman, K.A., Woodman, O.L., Sobey, C.G., 2007, Isoflavones, equol and cardiovascular disease: pharmacological and therapeutic insights, Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol 14, issue 26, Bentham Science Publ Ltd, Sharjah, UAE, pp. 2824-2830.

Jackman, K.A., Woodman, O.L., Chrissobolis, S., Sobey, C.G., 2007, Vasorelaxant and antioxidant activity of the isoflavone metabolite equol in carotid and cerebral arteries, Brain Research [P], vol 1141, Elsevier BV, The Netherlands, pp. 99-107.

Paravicini, T.M., Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2006, Flow-induced cerebral vasodilatation in vivo involves activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, NADPH-oxidase, and nitric oxide synthase, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol 26, issue 12, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 836-845.

Judkins, C.P., Sobey, C.G., Dang, T.T., Miller, A.A., Dusting, G.J., Drummond, G.R., 2006, NADPH-induced contractions of mouse aorta do not involve NADPH oxidase: a role for P2X receptors, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol 317, issue 2, The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bethesda Maryland USA, pp. 644-650.

Miller, A.A., Dusting, G.J., Roulston, C.L., Sobey, C.G., 2006, NADPH-oxidase activity is elevated in penumbral and non-ischemic cerebral arteries following stroke, Brain Research, vol 1111, issue 1, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam The Netherlands, pp. 111-116.

Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2006, Novel isoforms of NADPH-oxidase in cerebral vascular control, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol 111, issue 3, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford England, pp. 928-948.

Sobey, C.G., Miller, A.A., 2006, Radicals spark interest in cerebral vasodilator mechanisms. Focus on "TNF-dilates cerebral arteries via NAD(P)H oxidase-dependent Ca2+ spark activation", American Journal of Physiology - Cell Physiology, vol 290, American Physiological Society, Bethesda USA, pp. 950-951.

Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2006, Reactive oxygen species in the cerebral circulation: are they all bad?, Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, vol 8, issue 7 & 8, Mary Ann Liebert Inc., New Rochelle USA, pp. 1113-1120.

Chrissobolis, S., Sobey, C.G., 2006, Recent evidence for an involvement of rho-kinase in cerebral vascular disease, Stroke, vol 37, issue 8, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA, pp. 2174-2180.

Budzyn, K., Paull, M., Marley, P.D., Sobey, C.G., 2006, Segmental differences in the roles of Rho-kinase and protein kinase C in mediating vasoconstriction, Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol 317, issue 2, American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bethesda USA, pp. 791-796.

Budzyn, K., Marley, P.D., Sobey, C.G., 2006, Targeting Rho and Rho-kinase in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, TRENDS in Pharmacological Sciences, vol 27, issue 2, Elsevier, London UK, pp. 97-104.

Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Schmidt, H.H.H., Sobey, C.G., 2005, NADPH oxidase activity and function are profoundly greater in cerebral versus systemic arteries, Circulation Research, vol 97, issue 10, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 1055-1062.

Budzyn, K., Marley, P.D., Sobey, C.G., 2005, Opposing roles of endothelial and smooth muscle phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in vasoconstriction: effects of Rho-kinase and hypertension, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol 313, issue 3, Amer Soc Pharmacology Experimental Therapeutics, Bethesda USA, pp. 1248-1253.

Miller, A.A., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2005, Selective inhibition of NADPH-oxidase isoforms as a therapeutic strategy in hypertension, Drug Discovery Today: Therapeutic Strategies, vol 2, issue 3, Elsevier, UK, pp. 187-192.

Sobey, C.G., Miller, A.A., 2005, Signalling pathways activated by hydrogen peroxide in vascular smooth muscle, Journal of Hypertension, vol 23, issue 11, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 1961-1962.

Budzyn, K., Marley, P.D., Sobey, C.G., 2004, Chronic mevastatin modulates receptor-dependent vascular contraction in eNOS-deficient mice, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol 287, issue 2, American Physiological Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. R342-R348.

Sobey, C.G., Weiler, J.M., Boujaoude, M., Woodman, O.L., 2004, Effect of short-term phytoestrogen treatment in male rats on nitric oxide-mediated responses of carotid and cerebral arteries: comparison with 17beta-estradiol, The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol 310, issue 1, The American Society of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 135-140.

Chrissobolis, s., Budzyn, K., Marley, P.D., Sobey, C.G., 2004, Evidence that estrogen suppresses Rho-kinase function in the cerebral circulation in vivo, Stroke, vol 35, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 2200-2205.

Paravicini, T.M., Chrissobolis, S., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2004, Increased NADPH-oxidase activity and Nox4 expression during chronic hypertension is associated with enhanced cerebral vasodilatation to NADPH in vivo, Stroke, vol 35, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 584-589.

Paravicini, T.M., Chrissobolis, S., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2004, Increased NADPH-oxidase activity and Nox4 expression during chronic hypertension is associated with enhanced cerebral vasodilatation to NADPH in vivo, Stroke, vol 35, issue 2, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelpha PA USA, pp. 584-589.

Chrissobolis, s., Sobey, C.G., 2004, Influence of gender on K+-induced cerebral vasodilatation, Stroke, vol 35, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 747-752.

Paravicini, T.M., Drummond, G.R., Sobey, C.G., 2004, Reactive oxygen species in the cerebral circulation: physiological roles and therapeutic implications for hypertension and stroke, Drugs, vol 64, issue 19, ADIS Int Ltd, Auckland New Zealand, pp. 2143-2157.

Sobey, C.G., 2003, Bradykinin B2 receptor antagonism: a new direction for acute stroke therapy?, British Journal of Pharmacology, vol 139, issue 8, Nature Publishing Group, London, England, UK, pp. 1369-1371.

Paravicini, T.M., Sobey, C.G., 2003, Cerebral vascular effects of reactive oxygen species: recent evidence for a role of NADPH-oxidase, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, vol 30, issue 11, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford England, pp. 855-859.

Chrissobolis, S., Sobey, C.G., 2003, Inwardly rectifying potassium channels in the regulation of vascular tone, Current Drug Targets, vol 4, issue 4, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd, Sharjah UAE, pp. 281-289.

Sobey, C.G., 2003, Neurogenic atherosclerosis mediated by neuropeptide y: hardening of the evidence, Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, vol 23, issue 7, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia PA USA, pp. 1137-1139.

Chrissobolis, s., Sobey, C.G., 2002, Inhibitory effects of protein kinase C on inwardly rectifying K+- and ATP-sensitive K+ channel-mediated responses of the basilar artery, Stroke, vol 33, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadephia USA, pp. 1692-1697.

Chrissobolis, S., Ziogas, J., Anderson, C.R., Chu, Y., Faraci, F.M., Sobey, C.G., 2002, Neuronal NO mediates cerebral vasodilator responses to K+ in hypertensive rats, Hypertension, vol 39, issue 4, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 880-885.

Faraci, F.M., Sobey, C.G., Chrissobolis, S., Lund, D.D., Heistad, D.D., Weintraub, N.L., 2001, Arachidonate dilates basilar artery by lipoxygenase-dependent mechanism and activation of K+ channels, American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol 281, issue 1, American Physiological Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. R246-R253.

Sobey, C.G., 2001, Cerebrovascular dysfunction after subarachnoid haemorrhage: novel mechanisms and directions for therapy, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology, vol 28, issue 11, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford UK, pp. 926-929.

Chrissobolis, s., Sobey, C.G., 2001, Evidence that Rho-kinase activity contributes to cerebral vascular tone in vivo and is enhanced during chronic hypertension: comparison with protein kinase C, Circulation Research, vol 88, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 774-779.

Sobey, C.G., Faraci, F.M., 2001, Novel mechanisms contributing to cerebral vascular dysfunction during chronic hypertension, Current Hypertension Reports, vol 3, issue 6, Current Scientific Inc, Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp. 517-523.

Sobey, C.G., 2001, Potassium channel function in vascular disease, Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, vol 21, issue 1, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia PA USA, pp. 28-38.

Sobey, C.G., Faraci, F.M., 2001, Role of potassium channels in regulation of brain arteriolar tone: comparison of cerebrum versus brain stem, Stroke, vol 32, issue 1, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia PA USA, p. 224.

Conference Proceedings

Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., Schmidt, H., Miller, A.A., 2006, Gender influences NADPH oxidase activity in the cerebral circulation, Circulation, 12-15/11/2006, LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS, PHILADELPHIA PA 19106-3261 USA, p. II-407.

Drummond, G.R., Dusting, G.J., Tan, C.S., Sobey, C.G., 2006, Sulphonated aryls are novel selective inhibitors of Nox4-dependent NADPH oxidase activity, Faseb Journal, 1-6/4/2006, Federation Amer Soc Exp Biol, BETHESDA MD 20814-3998 USA, p. 725.

Sobey, C.G., Drummond, G.R., 2006, Suramin inhibits NADPH oxidase activity in cerebral arteries after subarachnoid hemorrhage, Faseb Journal, 1-6/4/2006, Federation Amer Soc Exp Biol, Bethesda MD 2081 USA, p. 725.

Postgraduate Research Supervisions

Current Supervision

Program of Study:: (DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:: Chemokine receptor-ligand interactions as novel therapeutic targets to prevent vascular disease in hypertension..
Supervisors:: Drummond, G (Main), Budzyn, K (Associate), Sobey, C (Associate).

Program of Study:: (DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:: Clinical and immunobiological aspects of Cerebrovascular Disease.
Supervisors:: Srikanth, V (Main), Phan, T (Associate), Sobey, C (Associate), Cadilhac, D (Associate).

Program of Study:: (DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:: Inflammation in the brain after stroke.
Supervisors:: Sobey, C (Main), Drummond, G (Associate).

Program of Study:: (DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:: Investigating the role of ghrelin in the cerebrovascular disease.
Supervisors:: Sobey, C (Main), Miller, A (Associate).

Program of Study:: (DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:: Mechanisms contributing to cerebrovascular disease and stroke.
Supervisors:: Sobey, C (Main), Chrissobolis, S (Associate).

Program of Study:: (DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:: New therapies to improve stroke outcome.
Supervisors:: Sobey, C (Main).

Completed Supervision

Student:: Brait, V.
Program of Study:: Mechanisms of ischaemic stroke damage. (PHD) 2010.
Supervisors:: Sobey, C (Main).
Student:: De Silva, T.
Program of Study:: Defining the role(s) of Nox2-NADPH oxidase in the cerebral circulation. (PHD) 2010.
Supervisors:: Sobey, C (Main), Miller, A (Associate).
Student:: Dharmarajah, J.
Program of Study:: INVESTIGATIONS INTO NADPH OXIDASE AS A MEDIATOR OF PLATELET AGGREGATION AND A THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. (Masters) 2010.
Supervisors:: Drummond, G (Main), Sobey, C (Associate).
Student:: Harrison, C.
Program of Study:: Nox2 in the vascularture: novel mechanisms of regulation. (PHD) 2011.
Supervisors:: Selemidis, S (Main), Sobey, C (Associate).
Student:: Ravi, R.
Program of Study:: Targeting the NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathway in health and disease. (PHD) 2011.
Supervisors:: Kemp, B (Joint-Co), Sobey, C (Joint).
Student:: Rivera, J.
Program of Study:: Investigations into the effects of Chlamydia pneumaniae and Helicobacter pylori on atherogenesis in mice. (PHD) 2011.
Supervisors:: Drummond, G (Main), Sobey, C (Associate).