What lies beneath
As immense heat buried deep within the Earth pushes its way to the surface, it drives continual – if monumentally slow – changes in our planet. That heat also generates vast reserves of energy, but Professor Louis Moresi knows that tapping into them carries risk as well as promise.
Louis likens the seemingly solid globe to a lava lamp, with material from the interior heading to the surface and vice versa.
He uses “enormous amounts of computer time” trying to find answers to questions about the movement of tectonic plates in the Earth’s crust, the evolution of ocean basins and the changing forms of continents.
The processes may never be entirely understood, he says, but increasingly sophisticated computer modelling is helping the quest for knowledge.
Gains in understanding might help us prepare for some of the consequences of plate tectonics: the volcanoes and earthquakes, for example, that occur in the subduction zones – such as the Pacific Ring of Fire – where the plates slide under each other.
But such dramatic upheavals are not the only consequences of a changing structure.
“The fact that the Earth is in this dynamic state has a very strong knock-on effect on the condition of the atmosphere and the existence of the oceans, and it interacts with the biosphere,” Louis says.
This prompts his studies of other planets, to help ascertain the importance of plate tectonics to the capacity to sustain life. On Earth, the interior continually refreshes the surface, in a process that also supplies many of our resources. “We don’t really know how important it is to have that kind of cycle for a long-lived – or potentially long-lived – biosphere.”
The Australian Research Council has funded projects on plate tectonics in which Louis has been involved. His research has also benefited from AuScope funding for computational tools and a new visualisation facility that gives the illusion of going inside the Earth.
His work on geothermal energy is still in search of funding. This work draws on understanding of basins, which in geological terms are hollows that fill with sediment. That sediment, heated and compressed over time, becomes oil, gas or coal: the fossil fuels that provide much of our energy. But another potentially important source of energy is the water that is held in porous rock basins and is naturally heated by the Earth.
Louis says it’s essential to understand the geological structure before taking advantage of such resources.
“These things are all connected. You can’t just dig something up in one place or pump something up in one place and expect everything else to stay the same.”
With sufficient knowledge and care, it should be possible to avoid adverse side-effects.
“We don’t want to end up getting a small amount of energy and using a lot of fresh water, or taking the fresh water and losing all the energy. This is a very finely balanced question.”
It’s a question on which his research team has been focusing.
“We’re very interested in providing the best knowledge we can of these basins through computational methods and geophysics. We’re interested in how we can help people manage those vitally important resources.”
Dyksterhuis, S., Rey, P.F., Muller, R.D., Moresi, L., 2007, Effects of initial weakness on rift architecture, in Imaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup, eds G D Karner, G Manatschal and L M Pinheiro, GSL Publishing, London UK, pp. 443-455.
Moresi, L., Muhlhaus, H.B., Lemiale, V., May, D.A., 2007, Incompressible viscous formulations for deformation and yielding of the lithosphere, in Imaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup, eds G D Karner, G Manatschal and L M Pinheiro, GSL Publishing, London UK, pp. 457-472.
Zhong, S., Yuen, D.A., Moresi, L., 2007, Numerical methods for mantle convection, in Treatise on Geophysics Volume 7 : Mantle Dynamics, eds G Schubert, Elsevier, Amsterdam The Netherlands, pp. 227-252.
Dufour, F., Muhlhaus, H.B., Moresi, L., 2001, A particle-in-cell formulation for large deformation in cosserat continua, in Bifurcation and Localization in Soils and Rocks, eds H.-B. Muhlhaus, A. Dyskin, and E. Pasternak, A.A Balkema, a member of Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Netherlands, pp. 133-138.
Muhlhaus, H.B., Sakaguchi, H., Moresi, L., Graham, N., 2001, Particle in cell and discrete element models for granular materials, in Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, eds C. Desai, T. Kundu, S. Harpalany, D. Contractor, and J. Kemini, Taylor & Francis, Netherlands, pp. 511-518.
Moresi, L., Muhlhaus, H.B., Dufour, F., 2001, Particle-in-cell solutions for creeping viscous flows with internal interfaces, in Bifurcation and Localization in Soils and Rocks, eds H.-B. Muhlhaus, A. Dyskin, and E. Pasternak,, Netherlands, pp. 345-354.
Moresi, L., Muhlhaus, H.B., Dufour, F., 2001, Viscoelastic formulation for modelling of plate tectonics, in Bifurcation and Localization in Soils and Rocks, eds H.-B. Muhlhaus, A. Dyskin, and E. Pasternak,, Netherlands, pp. 337-344.
Gurnis, M., Moresi, L., Muller, R.D., 2000, Models of mantle convection incorporating plate tectonics: the australian region since the cretaceous, in AGU Geophysical Monograph 21, eds M. A. Richards, R. Gordon, and R. van der Hilst, American Geophysical Union,, pp. 211-238.
Hobbs, B.E., Muhlhaus, H.B., Ord, A., Moresi, L., 2000, The influence of chemical migration upon fold evolution in multi-layered materials, in Yearbook of Self Organisation, eds H. J. Krug and J. H. Kruhl, Duncker & Humblot, Germany, pp. 229-252.
Lenardic, A., Guillou-Frottier, L., Mareschal, J.C., Jaupart, C., Moresi, L., Kaula, W.M., Kaula, W.M., 2000, The relationship between mantle heat flux and lithospheric thickness in eastern north america, in AGU Geophysical Monograph 21, eds M. A. Richards, R. Gordon, and R. van der Hilst, American Geophysical Union,, USA, pp. 95-112.
Faccenda, M., Gerya, T.V., Mancktelow, N.S., Moresi, L., 2012, Fluid flow during slab unbending and dehydration: implications for intermediate-depth seismicity, slab weakening and deep water recycling, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems [P], vol 13, issue 1, American Geophysical Union, Washtington DC USA, pp. 1-23.
Betts, P.G., Mason, W.G., Moresi, L., 2012, The influence of a mantle plume head on the dynamics of a retreating subduction zone, Geology [P], vol 40, issue 8, Geological Society of America, Boulder USA, pp. 739-742.
Gerualt, M., Becker, T.W., Kaus, B.J.P., Faccenna, C., Moresi, L., Husson, L., 2012, The role of slabs and oceanic plate geometry in the net rotation of the lithosphere, trench motions, and slab return flow, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems [P], vol 13, issue 4, American Geophysical Union, Washtington DC USA, pp. 1-23.
Muhlhaus, H., Shi, J., Olsen-Kettle, L., Moresi, L., 2011, A double slip non-coaxial flow rule for viscous-plastic Cosserat materials, Acta Geotechnica [E], vol 6, issue 4, Springer, Germany, pp. 219-229.
Lenardic, A., Cooper, C., Moresi, L., 2011, A note on continents and the Earth's Urey ratio, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors [P], vol 188, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 127-130.
Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., Jellinek, A., O'Neill, C., Cooper, C., Lee, C., 2011, Continents, supercontinents, mantle thermal mixing, and mantle thermal isolation: Theory, numerical simulations, and laboratory experiments, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems [P], vol 12, American Geophysical Union, USA, pp. 1-23.
Schellart, W., Stegman, D., Farrington, R., Moresi, L., 2011, Influence of lateral slab edge distance on plate velocity, trench velocity, and subduction partitioning, Journal of Geophysical Research [P], vol 116, issue 10, American Geophysical Union, USA, pp. 1-15.
Meriaux, C., Mansour, J., Moresi, L., Kerr, D., May, D., 2011, On the rise of strongly tilted mantle plume tails, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors [P], vol 184, issue 1-2, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 63-79.
Lemiale, V., Muhlhaus, H., Meriaux, C., Moresi, L., Hodkinson, L., 2011, Rate effects in dense granular materials: Linear stability analysis and the fall of granular columns, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics [P], vol 35, issue 2, John Wiley & Sons, London UK, pp. 293-308.
Schellart, W., Stegman, D., Farrington, R., Freeman, J., Moresi, L., 2010, Cenozoic tectonics of western North America controlled by evolving width of farallon slab, Science [P], vol 329, issue 5989, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington DC USA, pp. 316-319.
Capitanio, F., Morra, G., Goes, S., Weinberg, R., Moresi, L., 2010, India-Asia convergence driven by the subduction of the Greater Indian continent, Nature Geoscience [P], vol 3, issue 2, Nature Publishing Group, New York USA, pp. 136-139.
Farrington, R., Stegman, D.R., Moresi, L., Sandiford, M.A., May, D.A., 2010, Interactions of 3D mantle flow and continental lithosphere near passive margins, Tectonophysics [P], vol 483, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 20-28.
Muhlhaus, H.B., Moresi, L., Gross, L., Grotowski, J., 2010, The influence of non-coaxiality on shear banding in viscous-plastic materials, Granular Matter [E], vol 12, issue 3, Springer, New York USA, pp. 229-238.
Mason, W., Moresi, L., Betts, P., Miller, M., 2010, Three-dimensional numerical models of the influence of a buoyant oceanic plateau on subduction zones, Tectonophysics [P], vol 483, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 71-79.
Capitanio, F.A., Stegman, D.R., Moresi, L., Sharples, W.K., 2010, Upper plate controls on deep subduction, trench migrations and deformations at convergent margins, Tectonophysics [P], vol 483, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 80-92.
Velic, M., May, D.A., Moresi, L., 2009, A fast robust algorithm for computing discrete Voronoi diagrams, Journal of Mathematical Modelling and Algorithms, vol 8, Springer, Netherlands, pp. 343-355.
O'Neill, C., Lenardic, A., Jellinek, a.m., Moresi, L., 2009, Influence of supercontinents on deep mantle flow, Gondwana Research [P], vol 15, issue 3-4, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 276-287.
Lenardic, A., Jellinek, A.M., Moresi, L., 2008, A climate induced transition in the tectonic style of a terrestrial planet, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol 271, issue 1-4, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 34-42.
OzBench, M., Regenauer-Lieb, K., Stegman, D.R., Morra, G., Farrington, R., Hale, A., May, D.A., Freeman, J., Bourgouin, L., Muhlhaus, H.B., Moresi, L., 2008, A model comparison study of large-scale mantle-lithosphere dynamics driven by subduction, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol 171, issue 1-4, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 224-234.
May, D.A., Moresi, L., 2008, Preconditioned iterative methods for Stokes flow problems arising in computational geodynamics, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol 171, issue 1-4, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 33-47.
Lemiale, V., Muhlhaus, H.B., Moresi, L., Stafford, J.L.P., 2008, Shear banding analysis of plastic models formulated for incompressible viscous flows, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol 171, issue 1-4, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 177-186.
Stegman, D.R., Moresi, L., Turnbull, R.B., Giordani, J.T., Sunter, P., Lo, A., Quenette, S., 2008, gLucifer: next generation visualization framework for high-performance computational geodynamics, Visual Geosciences, vol 13, issue 1, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg Germany, pp. 71-84.
Moresi, L., Quenette, S., Lemiale, V., Meriaux, C.A.M., Appelbe, W.F., Muhlhaus, H.B., 2007, Computational approaches to studying non-linear dynamics of the crust and mantle, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, vol 163, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 69-82.
O'Neill, C., Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., Torsvik, T.H., Lee, C., 2007, Episodic Precambrian subduction, Earth And Planetary Science Letters [P], vol 262, issue 3-4, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 552-562.
Schellart, W.P., Freeman, J., Stegman, D.R., Moresi, L., May, D.A., 2007, Evolution and diversity of subduction zones controlled by slab width, Nature, vol 446, issue 7133, Nature Publishing Group, London UK, pp. 308-311.
Gessner, K., Wijns, C., Moresi, L., 2007, Significance of strain localization in the lower crust for structural evolution and thermal history of metamorphic core complexes, Tectonics, vol 26, issue 2, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC USA, pp. 1-13.
Moresi, L., Muhlhaus, H.B., 2006, Anisotropic viscous models of large-deformation Mohr-Coulomb failure, Philosophical Magazine, vol 86, issue 21-22, Taylor & Francis Ltd, Abingdon England, pp. 3287-3305.
Cooper, C.M., Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., 2006, Effects of continental insulation and the partitioning of heat producing elements on the Earth's heat loss, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 33, issue 13, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC USA, pp. 1-5.
Muhlhaus, H.B., Davies, M., Moresi, L., 2006, Elasticity, yielding and episodicity in simple models of mantle convection, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol 163, issue 9, Birkhauser Verlag AG, Basel Switzerland, pp. 2031-2047.
O'Neill, C.J., Moresi, L., Muller, R.D., Albert, R.M., Dufour, F., 2006, Ellipsis 3D: A particle-in-cell finite-element hybrid code for modelling mantle convection and lithospheric deformation, Computers & Geosciences, vol 32, issue 10, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford England, pp. 1769-1779.
Stegman, D.R., Freeman, J.C., Schellart, W.P., Moresi, L., May, D.A., 2006, Influence of trench width on subduction hinge retreat rates in 3-D models of slab rollback, Geochemistry, vol 7, issue 3, American Geophysical Union, Washington USA, pp. 1-22.
Freeman, J.C., Moresi, L., May, D.A., 2006, Thermal convection with a water ice I rheology: Implications for icy satellite evolution, Icarus, vol 180, issue 1, Academic Press Inc. Elsevier Science, San Diego USA, pp. 251-264.
Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., Jellinek, a.m., Manga, M., 2005, Continental insulation, mantle cooling, and the surface area of oceans and continents, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol 234, issue 3-Apr, Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 317-333.
O'Neill, C.J., Moresi, L., Jaques, A.L., 2005, Geodynamic controls on diamond deposits: Implications for Australian occurrences, Tectonophysics, vol 404, issue 3-Apr, Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 217-236.
O'Neill, C.J., Moresi, L., Lenardic, A., 2005, Insulation and depletion due to thickened crust: Effects on melt production on Mars and Earth, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 32, issue 10, American Geophysical Union, Washington USA, pp. 1-4.
Wijns, C., Weinberg, R.F., Gessner, K., Moresi, L., 2005, Mode of crustal extension determined by rheological layering, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol 236, issue 1-Feb, Elsevier B. V., Netherland, pp. 120-134.
Muhlhaus, H.B., Moresi, L.N., Cada, M., 2004, Emergent anisotropy and flow alignment in viscous rock, Pure and Applied Geophysics (Geofisica pura e applicata), vol 161, issue 11-12, Birkhhauser Verlag AG, Basel Switzerland, pp. 2451-2463.
Freeman, J.C., Moresi, L.N., May, D.A., 2004, Evolution into the stagnant lid convection regime with a non-Newtonian water ice rheology, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 31, issue 11, American Geophysical Union, Washington USA, pp. 1-4.
Lenardic, A., Nimmo, F., Moresi, L.N., 2004, Growth of the hemispheric dichotomy and the cessation of plate tectonics on Mars, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol 109, issue E2, American Geophysical Union, Washington USA, pp. 1-14.
Cooper, C.M., Lenardic, A., Moresi, L.N., 2004, The thermal structure of stable continental lithosphere within a dynamic mantle, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol 222, issue 3-4, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 807-817.
Moresi, L., Dufour, F., Muhlhaus, H.B., 2003, A lagrangian integration point finite element method for large deformation modeling of viscoelastic geomaterials, Journal Of Computational Physics, vol 184, issue 2, Elsevier Science, San Diego, pp. 476-497.
O'Neill, C.J., Moresi, L.N., 2003, How long can diamonds remain stable in the continental lithosphere?, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol 213, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 43-52.
Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., Muhlhaus, H.B., 2003, Longevity and stability of cratonic lithosphere: Insights from numerical simulations of coupled mantle convection and continental tectonics, Journal of Geophysical Research [P], vol 108, issue B6, American Geophysical Union, USA, pp. 9-1-9-15.
Weinberg, R.F., Moresi, L., Van der Borgh, P., 2003, Timing of deformation in the Norseman-Wiluna Belt, Western Australia,, Precambrian Research, vol 120, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, Netherlands, pp. 219-239.
Vezolainen, A.V., Solomatov, V.S., Head, J.W., Basilevsky, A.T., Moresi, L.N., 2003, Timing of formation of Beta Regio and its geodynamical implications, Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets, vol 108, issue E1, American Geophysical Union, Washington DC USA, pp. 1-11.
Muhlhaus, H.B., Dufour, F., Moresi, L., Hobbs, B.E., 2002, A director theory for viscoelastic folding instabilities in multilayered rock, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol 39, pp. 3675-3691.
Muhlhaus, H.B., Moresi, L., Hobbs, B.E., Dufour, F., 2002, Large amplitude folding in finely layered viscoelastic rock structures, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol 159, pp. 2311-2333.
Moresi, L., Dufour, F., Muhlhaus, H.B., 2002, Mantle convection modeling with viscoelastic/brittle lithosphere: Numerical methodology and plate tectonic modeling, Pure and Applied Geophysics, vol 159, issue 10, pp. 2335-2356.
Solomatov, V.S., Moresi, L., 2002, Small-scale convection in the D" layer, Journal of Geophysical Research B - Solid Earth, vol 107, issue 1, pp. 3-1-3-10.
Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., 2001, Heat flow scaling for mantle convection below a conducting lid: Resolving seemingly inconsistent modeling results regarding continental heat flow, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 28, pp. 1311-1314.
Boschetti, F., Moresi, L., 2001, Interactive inversion in geosciences, Geophysics, vol 66, pp. 1226-1234.
Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., 2000, A new class of equilibrium geotherms in the deep thermal lithosphere of continents, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol 176, pp. 331-338.
Moresi, L., Gurnis, M., Zhong, S.J., 2000, Plate tectonics and convection in the earth's mantle: Toward a numerical simulation, Computing In Science & Engineering, vol 2, pp. 22-33.
Zhong, S.J., Zuber, M.T., Moresi, L., Gurnis, M., 2000, Role of temperature-dependent viscosity and surface plates in spherical shell models of mantle convection, Journal of Geophysics Research-Solid Earth, vol 105, pp. 11063-11082.
Solomatov, V.S., Moresi, L., 2000, Scaling of time-dependent stagnant lid convection: Application to small-scale convection on earth and other terrestrial planets, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol 105, pp. 21795-21817.
Lenardic, A., Moresi, L., Muhlhaus, H.B., 2000, The role of mobile belts for the longevity of deep cratonic lithosphere: The crumple zone model, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 27, pp. 1235-1238.
Sharples, W.K., Moresi, L., Cooper, K., Sunter, P., 2012, Comp. Psy. 101: the psychology behind high performance computing, Recent Progress in Data Engineering and Internet Technology, 15 March 2011 to 17 March 2011, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Germany, pp. 439-452.
Mason, W., Aben, G., Meijer, J., Richter, C., Bonnington, C., Moresi, L., Betts, P., 2010, Facilitating research collaboration in the Australian geoscience community using CloudStor, 2010 Sixth IEEE International Conference on e-science, 7 December 2010 to 10 December 2010, IEEE Computer Society, Brisbane Australia, pp. 106-112.
Mason, W.G., Moresi, L., Betts, P.G., 2008, 3D Thermochemical numerical model of a convergent zone with an overriding plate, Eos Trans. AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl, 15 December 2008 to 19t December 2008, Eos, USA, p. 1.
Mason, W.G., Moresi, L., Betts, P.G., 2008, Modelling the thermochemical properties of subduction, Patterns in our planet: Defining new cincepts for the application of multiscale non-equilibrium thermodynamics to Earth System science, 12 May 2008 to 16 May 2008, CSIRO, Australia, p. 14.
Mason, W.G., Moresi, L., Betts, P.G., 2008, Thermochemical controls on the subduction of oceanic plateaus, 19th Australian Earth Sciences Convention (AESC) 2008: New Generation Advances in Geoscience, 20 July 2008 to 24 July 2008, Geological Society of Australia, Australia, p. 170.
Quenette, S., Moresi, L., Sunter, P., Appelbe, B., 2007, Explaining StGermain: An aspect oriented environment for building extensible computational mechanics modeling software, Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 2007 IPDPS 2007, 26 March to 30 March 2007, IEEE International, Long Beach CA USA, pp. 1-8.
Mason, W.G., Moresi, L., Betts, P.G., Miller, M.S., 2007, Influence of the Ogasawara Plateau on the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction zone: interpretations from numerical modelling, Joint NSF-MARGINS and IFREE Workshop: Subduction Factory Studies in the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc System: Results and Future Plans, 07/11/2007 to 10/11/2007, MARGINS, Palisades, NY, USA, p. 42.
Miller, M., Mason, W., Moresi, L., Stegman, D., Betts, P., 2006, Effects of a bouyant aseismic ridge on an inter-oceanic subducted slab: case study of the Izu-Bonin-Mariana subduction zone, Australian Earth Sciences Convention 2006 Convention Handbook, 2-6 July 2006, The Australian Society of Exploration Geophysics and the Geological Society of Australia, Osboorne Park, WA, aUSTRALIA, p. 113.
Muhlhaus, H.B., Cada, M., Moresi, L.N., 2003, Anisotropic convection model for the earth's mantle, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 02/06/2003 to 04/06/2003, Springer-Verlag, Berlin GERMANY, pp. 788-797.
Moresi, L.N., May, D., Freeman, J.C., Appelbe, W.F., 2003, Mantle convection modeling with viscoelastic/brittle lithosphere: Numerical and computational methodology, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 02/06/2003 to 04/06/2003, Springer-Verlag, Berlin GERMANY, pp. 781-787.
Dufour, F., Muhlhaus, H.B., Moresi, L.N., 2003, Texture alignment in simple shear, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 02/06/2003 to 04/06/2003, Springer-Verlag, Berlin GERMANY, pp. 837-844.
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