Dr Kristie Young - Researcher Profile

Kristie Young

Address

Monash University
Wellington Road, Clayton

Contact Details

Tel: +61 3 990 51258

Email: Kristie.Young@monash.edu


Biography

Technology: A help or hindrance to drivers?

Dr Kristie Young’s research has helped put the dangers of texting while driving in the spotlight and underpinned changes to mobile phone law in Victoria. Swedish authorities are now calling on her expertise in driver distraction to help them evaluate the use of text messages to alert drivers to traffic changes and hazards in a 17-kilometre road tunnel.

As an international leader in this field of research, Dr Kristie Young is now working in collaboration with the Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute to evaluate how receiving a text message affects driving performance. The results will be used to inform Swedish road tunnel policy and to improve knowledge about the interaction between technology and distraction in cars.

Kristie says this real-world uptake of her research is most satisfying. The adoption of findings related to driving, technology and safety often occurs far more quickly than in other scientific fields.

After completing a psychology degree, she first joined the Accident Research Centre as a research assistant while deciding on her career path. She has since found her niche at the centre. “There is a huge potential to be leading-edge, which I think is really exciting as a researcher,” she says.

Kristie’s previous research determined that young drivers are more likely to engage in distracting activities. They are also more vulnerable to distraction because they have not developed the skills to perform driving tasks automatically.

These findings and her current tunnel research are one side of a coin that is Kristie’s research specialty – how drivers adapt to new technologies.

Although her comprehensive text messaging research represents the negative, where technology causes a distraction, Kristie says there is also a positive.

In-vehicle technologies can have benefits for driver safety. Known as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems, they can range from seatbelt alerts to taking control of driving through, for example, automatic braking.

This research is most clearly demonstrated through the pioneering TAC SafeCar study, a critical part of Kristie’s PhD. In this, she examined intelligent speed adaptation systems using global positioning systems (GPSs) to control speed in line with limits. Advanced seatbelt reminders and a following distance warning system were also part of the research.

The first study of its kind in Australia, it found all systems were highly effective in improving drivers’ behaviour and largely acceptable. Where systems were unacceptable to drivers, improvements in the system design were identified.

The study has already led to changes in how vehicles are built. In Australia, Ford has implemented a more advanced seatbelt reminder system based on the study, and GPSs are being calibrated with speed limits to provide driver warnings.

Kristie says it is particularly satisfying to see her research used by vehicle manufacturers and road authorities. “There is a huge opportunity to have a positive effect on the community and on the road toll,” she says. “It combines really interesting academic work with a community and road safety benefit.”

Kristie’s background in psychology is now motivating the next phase of her research – why drivers get distracted in the first place. “There is still so much we don’t know about distraction,” she says.

Keywords

driver adaption to in-vehicle technology, driver support systems and how drivers adapt to these technologies, human machine interface (HMI) design of in-vehicle information systems, in-vehicle driver distraction (in-vehicle, technology-based distraction), in-vehicle intelligent transport systems (particularly drive support technology)

Qualifications

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Institution: Monash University
Year awarded: 2010
APPLIED SCIENCE (PSYCHOLOGY) (HONOURS)
Institution: Deakin University
Year awarded: 2002

Publications

Book Chapters

Young, K.L., Salmon, P.M., Cornelissen, M., 2013, An on-road examination of the errors made by distracted and undistracted drivers, in Advances in Human Aspects of Road and Rail Transportation, eds Neville A Stanton, CRC Press, United States, pp. 242-251.

Lee, J.D., Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2009, Defining driver distraction, in Driver distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 31-40.

Salmon, P.M., Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2009, Distraction and public transport: Case study of bus driver distraction, in Driver distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 229-245.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2009, Driver distraction exposure research: A summary of findings, in Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 319-331.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Lee, J.D., 2009, Driver distraction injury prevention countermeasures - Part 2: Education and training, in Driver distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 559-578.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Lee, J.D., 2009, Driver distraction injury prevention countermeasures - Part 1: Data collection, legislation and enforcement, vehicle fleet management, and driver licensing, in Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 533-557.

Regan, M.A., Victor, T.W., Lee, J.D., Young, K.L., 2009, Driver distraction injury prevention countermeasures - Part 3: Vehicle, technology and, road design, in Driver distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 579-601.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., Lee, J.D., 2009, Factors moderating the impact of distraction on driving performance and safety, in Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 335-351.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., Lee, J.D., 2009, Measuring the effects of driver distraction: Direct driving performance methods and measures, in Driver distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 85-105.

Bayly, M., Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2009, Sources of distraction inside the vehicle and their effects on driving performance, in Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 191-213.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Lee, J.D., Gordon, C.P., 2009, Sources of driver distraction, in Driver distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 249-279.

Lee, J.D., Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., 2009, What drives distraction? Distraction as a breakdown of multilevel control, in Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects and Mitigation, eds Michael A Regan, John D Lee, Kristie L Young, CRC Press, Florida, USA, pp. 41-56.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., 2007, Advanced driver assistance systems and road safety: the human factor, in Multimodal safety management and human factors - crossing the borders of medical, aviation, road and rail industries, eds Jose M Anca Jr, Ashgate, Hampshire England, pp. 233-244.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2007, Driver distraction: review of the literature and suggestions for countermeasure development, in Multimodal safety management and human factors - crossing the borders of medical, aviation, road and rail industries, eds Jose M Anca Jr, Ashgate, Hampshire England, pp. 279-290.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2005, Road safety implications of driver distraction, in Australasian road safety handbook. Vol. 2., eds J. Langford, B. Fildes, Austroads Incorporated, Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 92-100.

Journal Articles

Salmon, P.M., Lenne, M.G., Young, K.L., Walker, G.H., 2013, An on-road network analysis-based approach to studying driver situation awareness at rail level crossings, Accident Analysis and Prevention [P], vol e, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-11.

Young, K.L., Salmon, P.M., Lenne, M.G., 2013, At the cross roads: an on-road examination of driving errors at intersections, Accident Analysis and Prevention [P], vol e, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-9.

Young, K.L., Salmon, P.M., Lenne, M.G., 2013, At the cross roads: an on-road examination of driving errors at intersections, Accident Analysis and Prevention [P], vol e, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-9.

Salmon, P.M., Young, K.L., Cornelissen, M., 2013, Compatible cognition amongst road users: the compatability of driver, motorcyclists, and cyclist situation awareness, Safety Science [P], vol e, Elsevier Ltd, Netherlands, pp. 1-12.

Young, K.L., Salmon, P.M., Cornelissen, M., 2013, Distraction-induced driving error: an on-road examination of the errors made by distracted and undistracted drivers, Accident Analysis and Prevention [P], vol e, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-8.

Young, K.L., Salmon, P.M., Cornelissen, M., 2013, Missing links? The effects of distraction on driver situation awareness, Safety Science [P], vol e, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 1-8.

Cornelissen, M., Salmon, P., Young, K., 2013, Same but different? Understanding road user behaviour at intersections using cognitive work analysis, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science [P], vol e, Taylor & Francis Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-24.

Young, K.L., Bayly, M., Lenne, M.G., 2012, Cross-regional in-vehicle information system design: the preferences and comprehension of Australian, US and Chinese drivers, I E T Intelligent Transport Systems [P], vol 6, issue 1, The Institution of Engineering and Technology, United Kingdom, pp. 36-43.

Rudin-Brown, C., Young, K.L., Patten, C., Lenne, M.G., Ceci, R., 2012, Driver distraction in an unusual environment: effects of text-messaging in tunnels, Accident Analysis and Prevention [P], vol 50, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 122-129.

Young, K., Salmon, P., 2012, Examining the relationship between driver distraction and driving errors: a discussion of theory, studies and methods, Safety Science [P], vol 50, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 165-174.

Salmon, P., Young, K., Regan, M., 2011, Distraction 'on the buses': a novel framework of ergonomics methods for identifying sources and effects of bus driver distraction, Applied Ergonomics [P], vol 42, Elsevier Pergamon, United Kingdom, pp. 602-610.

Salmon, P., Young, K., Lenne, M., 2011, Investigating the role of roadway environment in driving errors: an on road study, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings, vol 55, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, United States, pp. 1879-1883.

Williamson, A., Young, K., Navarro, J., Lenne, M., 2011, Music selection using a touch screen interface: effect of auditory and visual feedback on driving and usability, International Journal of Vehicle Design [P], vol 57, issue 4, Inderscience Publishers, United Kingdom, pp. 391-404.

Young, K., Lenne, M., Williamson, A., 2011, Sensitivity of the lane change test as a measure of in-vehicle system demand, Applied Ergonomics [P], vol 42, Elsevier Pergamon, United Kingdom, pp. 611-618.

Salmon, P., Stanton, N., Young, K., 2011, Situation awareness on the road: review, theoretical and methodological issues, and future directions, Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science [P], vol E, Taylor & Francis Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-21.

Young, K., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Rudin-Brown, C., Lenne, M., 2011, The effects of using a portable music player on simulated driving performance and task-sharing strategies, Applied Ergonomics [P], vol E, Elsevier Pergamon, United Kingdom, pp. 1-9.

Young, K., Rudin-Brown, C., Lenne, M., Williamson, A., 2011, The implications of cross-regional differences for the design of in-vehicle information systems: a comparison of Australian and Chinese drivers, Applied Ergonomics [P], vol E, Elsevier Pergamon, United Kingdom, pp. 1-10.

Young, K., Lenne, M., 2010, Driver engagement in distracting activities and the strategies used to minimise risk, Safety Science [P], vol 48, Elsevier BV, Netherlands, pp. 326-332.

Young, K., Lenne, M., 2010, Intelligent speed adaptation as a pivotal speeding countermeasure: current research and implementation challenges, Road and Transport Research [P], vol 19, issue 3, A R R B Group, Australia, pp. 21-37.

Young, K., Regan, M., Triggs, T., Jontof-Hutter, K., Newstead, S., 2010, Intelligent speed adaptation-Effects and acceptance by young inexperienced drivers, Accident Analysis and Prevention [P], vol 42, issue 3, Elsevier Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 935-943.

Young, K., Rudin-Brown, C., Lenne, M., 2010, Look who's talking! A roadside survey of drivers' cell phone use, Traffic Injury Prevention [P], vol 11, issue 6, Taylor & Francis, United States, pp. 555-560.

Hosking, S.G., Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2009, The effects of text messaging on young drivers, Human Factors [P], vol 51, issue 4, SAGE, USA, pp. 582-592.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., Triggs, T.J., Stephan, K.L., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Tomasevic, N., 2008, Field operational test of a seatbelt reminder system: effects on driver behaviour and acceptance, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, vol 11, Elsevier, London, UK, pp. 434-444.

Regan, M., Young, K., Triggs, T., Tomasevic, N., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Tierney, P., Healy, D., Connelly, K., Tingvall, C., 2007, Effects on driving performance on in-vehicle intelligent transport systems: final results of the Australian TAC SafeCar project, Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety [P], vol 18, issue 1, Australasian College of Road Safety, Australia, pp. 23-30.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., Triggs, T.J., Tomasevic, N., Stephan, K.L., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., 2007, Impact on car driving performance of a following distance warning system: Findings from the Australian transport accident commission SafeCar project, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol 11, issue 3, Taylor & Francis, UK, pp. 121-131.

Regan, M., Stephan, K., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Young, K., Triggs, T., Tomasevic, N., Tierney, P., Healy, D., 2007, The effect on driver workload attitudes and acceptability of in-vehicle intelligent transport systems: selected results from the TAC SafeCar project, Journal of the Australasian College of Road Safety [P], vol 18, issue 1, Australasian College of Road Safety, Australia, pp. 30-36.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2007, Use of manual speed alerting and cruise control devices by car drivers, Safety Science, vol 45, issue 4, Elsevier Science, The Netherlands, pp. 473-485.

Salmon, P.M., Regan, M.A., Lenne, M.G., Stanton, N.A., Young, K.L., 2007, Work domain analysis and intelligent transport systems: Implications for vehicle design, International Journal of Vehicle Design [P], vol 45, issue 3, Inderscience Publishers, UK, pp. 426-448.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Triggs, T.J., Tomasevic, N., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Tierney, P., Healy, D., Tingvall, C., Stephan, K.L., 2006, Impact on driving performance of intelligent speed adaptation, following distance warning and seatbelt reminder systems: key findings from the TAC SafeCar project, IEE Proceedings Intelligent Transport Systems, vol 153, issue 1, IEE Publishing Group, UK, pp. 51-62.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., Mitsopoulos, E., 2004, Acceptability to young drivers of in-vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems, Road & Transport Research, vol 13, issue 2, ARRB Transport Research Ltd, Vermont South Vic Australia, pp. 6-16.

Conference Proceedings

Young, K., Salmon, P., Lenne, M., 2011, An on-road examination of driver errors at intersections, Proceedings 2011 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, 6-9 November 2011, Govt. of Western Australia, Perth, WA, pp. 1-10.

Young, K., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Rudin-Brown, C., Lenne, M., 2011, Driver behaviour and task-sharing strategies when using a portable music player, Electronic Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention, 5-7 September 2011, Chalmers University, Sweden, pp. 1-15.

Rudin-Brown, C., Young, K., Patten, C., Lenne, M., Ceci, R., 2011, Driver distraction in an unusual environment: effects of text-messaging in tunnels, Electronic Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention, 5-7 September 2011, Chalmers University, Sweden, pp. 1-23.

Salmon, P., Lenne, M., Young, K., Walker, G., 2011, Experienced and novice driver situation awareness at rail level crossings: an exploratory on-road study, Engineering Pyschology and Cognitive Ergonomics - 9th Conference held as part of the 14th International Conference HCI International 2011 with 11 Further Associated Conferences Proceedings, 9-14 July 2011, Springer, Germany, pp. 197-204.

Rudin-Brown, C., Young, K., Lenne, M., 2010, Behavioural adaptation to mobile phone legislation: could there be unintended consequences of partial bans?, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention 2009, 28-29 September 2009, Chalmers University, Sweden, pp. 1-12.

Young, K., Lenne, M., Archer, J., Williamson, A., 2010, Development and validation of an ecological driver distraction evaluation tool, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention, 2009, 28-29 September, 2009, Chalmers University, Sweden, pp. 1-14.

Salmon, P., Lenne, M., Young, K., Tomasevic, N., Williamson, A., Rudin-Brown, C., 2010, Driver behaviour and decision making at railway level crossings: an exploratory on-road case study., Proceedings of the 2010 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, 31 August - 3 September 2010, Dept. of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development & Local Government, Canberra, ACT, pp. 1-11.

Young, K., Lenne, M., Rudin-Brown, C., Fitzharris, M., 2010, How can we assess the role of driver distraction in crashes? Feasibility of using the Australian National Crash In-depth Study (ANCIS) for collecting distraction data, Proceedings of the 2010 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, 31 August - 3 September 2010, Dept. of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development & Local Government, Canberra, ACT, pp. 1-8.

Young, K., Rudin-Brown, C., Lenne, M., 2010, Mobile phone use and engagement in other distracting activities: an observational survey of Melbourne drivers, Proceedings of the 2010 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, 31 August - 3 September 2010, Dept. of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development & Local Government, Canberra, ACT, pp. 1-9.

Salmon, P., Young, K., Lenne, M., Williamson, A., Tomasevic, N., 2010, To err (on the road) is human? An on-road study of driver errors, Proceedings of the 2010 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, 31 August - 3 September 2010, Dept. of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development & Local Government, Canberra, ACT, pp. 1-12.

Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Young, K., Lenne, M., 2010, Utility of the lane change test in exploring the effects on driving performance of engaging in additional in-vehicle tasks while driving, European Conference on Human Centred Design for Intelligent Transport Systems - Berlin 2010 Conference Proceedings, 29-30 April 2010, Humanist Publications, France, pp. 401-411.

Young, K.L., Lenne, M.G., Bayly, M., 2009, Cross-regional HMI design consideration for in-vehicle infotainment systems: A pilot study, Proceedings of the AutoCRC Conference 2009, 5 March 2009, Co-operative Research Centre for Advanced Automotive Technology, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-8.

Williamson, A.R., Young, K.L., Lenne, M.G., 2009, Development and validation of the PC-based driver distraction test, Proceedings of the AutoCRC Conference 2009, 5 March 2009, Co-operative Research Centre for Advanced Automotive Technology, Australia, pp. 1-7.

Young, K.L., Lenne, M.G., 2008, Victorian drivers' exposure to technology-based distractions: policy initiatives deriving from a driver survey, Proceedings 2008 Australasian Road Safety Rsearch, Policing and Education Conference, 9-12 November 2008, Dept for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure, SA, Adelaide, SA, pp. 739-746.

Mak, J., Hosking, S.G., Regan, M.A., Brisbane, G., Triggs, T.J., Horberry, T., Young, K.L., 2006, Do amber flashers make pedestrians safer?, Proceedings of the 22nd ARRB Conference research into practice, 29 October 2006 to 2 November 2006, ARRB Group Ltd, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-18.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Triggs, T.J., Tomasevic, N., Mitsopoulos, P., Tierney, P., Healy, D., Connelly, K., Tingvall, C., 2005, Effects on driving performance of in-vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems: final results of the Australian TAC SafeCar project, Australasian Road Safety Research Policing Education Conference - Peer Reviewed Papers, 14/11/2005 to 16/11/2005, Australasian road Safety Research Policing Education Conference, Wellington New Zealand, pp. 157-162.

Regan, M.A., Stephan, K.L., Mitsopoulos, P., Young, K.L., Triggs, T.J., Tomasevic, N., Tierney, P., Healy, D., 2005, The effect on driver workload, attitudes and acceptability of in-vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems: selected final results from the TAC SafeCar project, Australasian Road Safety Research Policing Education Conference Proceedings, 14/11/2005 to 16/11/2005, Australasian Road Safety Research Policing Education Conference, Wellington New Zealand, pp. 1-11.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Triggs, T.J., Tomasevic, N., Mitsopoulos, E., Tierney, P., Healy, D., 2004, Driver adaptation to in-vehicle intelligent transport systems: preliminary findings from the TAC SafeCar project, Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference Proceedings, 14/11/04 to 16/11/04, WA Office of Road Safety, WA Australia, pp. 1-10.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Triggs, T.J., Horberry, T., Mitsopoulos, E., Tomasevic, N., Johnston, I.R., 2004, Intelligent Vehicle Safety research at the Monash University Accident Research Centre, Papers of the 27th Australasian Transport Research Forum, 29 September 2004 to 1 October 2004, Transport Systems Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA Australia, pp. 1-11.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., 2003, Driver distraction: a review of the literature and recommendations for countermeasure development, 2003 Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference Proceedings, 24/09/2003 to 26/09/2003, Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW, Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 220-227.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2002, Intelligent speed adaptation: a review, RS 2002 Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference Proceedings, 4/11/02 to 5/11/02, Plevin and Assoc. P/L, Adelaide SA Australia, pp. 279-284.

Other

Regan, M.A., Triggs, T.J., Young, K.L., Tomasevic, N., Mitsopoulos, P., Stephan, K.L., Tingvall, C., 2006, On-road Evaluation of Intelligent Speed Adaptation, Following Distance Warning and Seatbelt Reminder Systems: Final Results of the TAC SafeCar Project, Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Clayton Vic Australia, pp. 1-270.

Hosking, S.G., Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., 2006, The Effects of Text Messaging on Young Novice Driver Performance, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton Vic Australia, pp. 1-26.

Stephan, K.L., Hosking, S.G., Regan, M.A., Verdoorn, A.C., Young, K.L., Haworth, N.L., 2006, The Relationship Between Driving Performance and the Johns Drowsiness Scale as Measured by the Optalert System, Monash University Accident Research Centre (MUARC), Clayton Vic Australia, pp. 1-43.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., 2004, Use of Manual Speed Alerting and Cruise Control Devices by Drivers in New South Wales, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton Vic Australia, pp. 1-144.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Haworth, N.L., 2003, A Review of Literature and Trials of Intelligent Speed Adaption Devices for Light and Heavy Vehicles, Austroads Incorporated, Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 1-65.

Regan, M.A., Young, K.L., Haworth, N.L., 2003, A review of literature and trials of Intelligent Speed Adaptation devices for light and heavy vehicles, Austroads, Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 1-65.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., Mitsopoulos-Rubens, P., Haworth, N.L., 2003, Acceptability of In-Vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems to Young Novice Drivers in NSW, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton Vic Australia, pp. 1-192.

Young, K.L., Regan, M.A., Hammer, M., 2003, Driver Distraction: a Review of the Literature, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Clayton Vic Australia, pp. 1-52.

Regan, M.A., Mitsopoulos, E., Haworth, N.L., Young, K.L., 2002, Acceptability of In-Vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems to Victorian Car Drivers, Royal Automobile Club Victoria Ltd, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-170.