Understanding disease the first challenge
Professor Julian Rood says you must understand the fundamental processes that lead to disease before you can start to control the disease itself. Julian is working at this fundamental level by exploring how bacteria cause disease, the mechanisms that are involved in the process and how the host responds to bacterial toxins. His research has promise for bacterial diseases that affect both humans and animals.
Julian’s focus is on anaerobic bacteria, which can only grow in the absence of oxygen. Clostridia is a broad group of anaerobic bacteria that causes some classic diseases, including tetanus, botulism and gas gangrene.
“The clostridia generally cause disease by producing potent protein toxins,” Julian explains. “They form heat-resistant variants called spores, which enable them to survive in the environment under adverse conditions.
“Before you can control diseases you have to understand the mechanism of pathogenesis. When a person or animal gets sick, it’s because something has changed its cells and tissues. Either the growth of bacteria or the production of a toxin have caused cell and tissue damage, which we see as clinical symptoms.
“Our focus has been on trying to understand the processes that lead to disease, from the start of an infection through to the disease itself. This includes understanding what toxins are being produced and how the host responds to those toxins,” he says.
Julian got a great insight into our response to toxins during his research into the bacterium Clostridium perfringen, which causes gas gangrene.
“When you normally get an infection, the host usually defends itself by sending white blood cells to the site of the infection to try and clean up and destroy the invading bacteria. In a Clostridium perfringens infection, exactly the opposite happens. You see an absence of white blood cells in the region where the bacteria are growing. We now know that this is because the toxins clump the white blood cells together in the blood vessels so they can’t get out into the infected tissues,” he says.
Julian is also a chief investigator of the ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, which has an animal disease focus. Their research on two debilitating bacterial diseases could potentially save the agricultural industry millions of dollars.
“Footrot is a significant disease in sheep and we’ve been leading the way in terms of working out how the bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus causes the disease. Over the last five to 10 years, we’ve determined the genome sequence of this organism and the structure of some of the proteins that are involved in the disease process. We’ve also shown that some of the surface components and enzymes that the organism makes are essential to the process,” Julian says.
“We’re also working on necrotic enteritis, which is a significant disease in poultry. About three years ago, in collaboration with Dr Robert Moore at CSIRO Livestock Industries at Geelong, we discovered a new toxin that nobody had seen before. We have shown that this toxin is essential for the disease process. We’re now working with Dr Moore to develop a vaccine. This is of significant economic importance because poultry meat is a major protein source in most countries.”
Fischetti, V.A., Novick, R.P., Ferretti, J.J., Portnoy, D.A., Rood, J.I. (eds), 2006, Gram-Positive Pathogens, ASM Press, Washington USA.
Botchan, M., Butow, R.A., Chattoraj, D.K., Dunny, G., Ehrlich, S., Farabaugh, P.J., Figurski, D.H., Helinski, D.R., Hopwood, D.A., Khan, S.A., Lambowitz, A.M., Le Blanc, D.J., Levy, S.B., Rood, J.I., Thomas Jr, C.A. (eds), 1998, Plasmid, Academic Press, Orlando USA.
Macrina, F.L., Botchan, M., Butow, R.A., Chattoraj, D.K., Dunny, G., Farabaugh, P.J., Ehrlich, S., Figurski, D.H., Helinski, D.R., Hopwood, D.A., Khan, S.A., Lambowitz, A.M., Le Blanc, D.J., Levy, S.B., Rood, J.I., Thomas, Jr, C.A. (eds), 1997, Plasmid, Academic Press, Orlando FL.
Rood, J.I., McClane, B.E., Songer, J., Titball, R.W. (eds), 1997, The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis, Academic Press Limited, London UK.
Hampson, D.J., Nagaraja, T.G., Kennan, R.M., Rood, J.I., 2010, Gram-negative anaerobes, in Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals, eds Carlton L. Gyles, John F. Prescott, J. Glenn Songer and Charles O. Thoen, Wiley-Blackwell, USA, pp. 513-526.
Carter, G.P., Lyras, D., Poon, R., Howarth, P., Rood, J.I., 2010, Methods for gene cloning and targeted mutagenesis, in Methods in Molecular Biology - Clostridium difficile: Methods and Protocols, eds Peter Mullany and Adam P Roberts, Humana Press, UK, pp. 183-201.
Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2006, Clostridial genetics, in Gram-Positive Pathogens, eds Vincent A Fischetti, Richard P Novick, Joseph J Ferretti, Daniel A Portnoy, Julian I Rood, ASM Press, USA, pp. 672-687.
Rood, J.I., 2006, Clostridium perfringens and histotoxic disease, in The Prokaryotes, eds S Falkow, E Rosenberg, K-H Schleifer & E Stackebrandt, Springer Science+Business Media, USA, pp. 753-770.
Stevens, D.L., Rood, J.I., 2006, Histotoxic clostridia, in Gram-Positive Pathogens, eds Vincent A Fischetti, Richard P Novick, Joseph J Ferretti, Daniel A Portnoy, Julian I Rood, ASM Press, USA, pp. 715-725.
Locht, C., Lereclus, D., Rood, J.I., Fournier, B., 2006, Regulation systems of toxin expression, in The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, eds J. Alouf, M R Popoff, Academic Press, USA, pp. 64-82.
Rood, J.I., Stewart, D.J., Vaughan, J.A., Dewhirst, F.E., 2005, Order IV. Cardiobacteriales: Genus II. Dichelobacter, in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, eds Don J Brenner, Noel R Krieg, James T Staley, George M Garrity, Springer Science+Business Media, New York USA, pp. 126-129.
Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2005, Transposable genetic elements of Clostridia, in Handbook on Clostridia, eds Peter Duerre, CRC Press, Boca Raton USA, pp. 631-643.
Cheung, K.J., McGowan, S., Rood, J.I., 2005, Two-component signal transduction systems in Clostridia, in Handbook on Clostridia, eds Peter Duerre, CRC Press, Boca Raton USA, pp. 545-560.
Rood, J.I., 2004, Virulence plasmids of spore-forming bacteria, in Plasmid Biology, eds Barbara E Funnell and Gregory J Phillips, American Society of Microbiology Press, Washington USA, pp. 413-422.
Rood, J.I., McClane, B.E., 2002, Clostridium Perfringens: Enterotoxaemic Disease, in Molecular Medical Microbiology, eds Max Sussman, Academic Press, London UK, pp. 1117-1139.
Titball, R.W., Rood, J.I., 2002, Clostridium Perfringens: Wound Infections, in Molecular Medical Microbiology, eds Max Sussman, Academic Press, London UK, pp. 1875-1903.
Rood, J.I., 2002, Genomic Islands of Dichelobacter Nodosus, in Pathogencity Islands and the Evolution of Pathogenic Microbes, eds J Hacker, JB Kaper, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 47-60.
Mcclane, B.E., Rood, J.I., 2001, Clostridial toxins involved in human enteric and histotoxic infections, in Clostridia - Biotechnology and Medical Applications, eds H Bahl and P Durre, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim Germany, pp. 169-209.
Titball, R.W., Rood, J.I., 2000, Bacterial phospholipases, in Bacterial protein toxins, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg Germany, pp. 529-556.
Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2000, Clostridial genetics, in Gram-positive pathogens, ASM Press, Washington USA, pp. 529-539.
Stevens, D.L., Rood, J.I., 2000, Histotoxic clostridia, in Gram-positive pathogens, ASM Press, Washington USA, pp. 563-572.
Rossjohn, J., Tweeten, R.K., Rood, J.I., Parker, M.W., 1999, Perfringolysin O, in The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins, Academic Press, London UK, pp. 496-510.
Rood, J.I., 1997, Genetic analysis in Clostridium perfringens, in The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis, Academic Press Limited, London UK, pp. 65-72.
Shimizu, T.D., Okabe, A., Rood, J.I., 1997, Regulation of toxin production in Clostridium perfringens, in The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis, Academic Press Limited, London UK, pp. 451-470.
Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 1997, Transposable genetic elements and antibiotic resistance determinants from Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile, in The clostridia: molecular biology and pathogenesis, Academic Press Limited, London UK, pp. 73-92.
Yan, X., Porter, C.J., Hardy, S.P., Steer, D.L., Smith, A.I., Quinsey, N.S., Hughes, V.A., Cheung, K.J., Keyburn, A., Kaldhusdal, M., Moore, R., Bannam, T.L., Whisstock, J., Rood, J.I., 2013, Structural and Functional Analysis of the Pore-Forming Toxin NetB from Clostridium perfringens, mBio [E], vol 4, issue 1, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 1-9.
Han, X.Y., Kennan, R.M., Steer, D.L., Smith, A.I., Whisstock, J.C., Rood, J.I., 2012, The AprV5 subtilase is required for the optimal processing of all three extracellular serine proteases from Dichelobacter nodosus, PLoS ONE [P], vol 7, issue 10 (Art. No.: e47932), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-8.
Porter, C.J., Bantwal, R., Bannam, T.L., Rosado, C.J., Pearce, M.C., Adams, V.M., Lyras, D., Whisstock, J.C., Rood, J.I., 2012, The conjugation protein TcpC from Clostridium perfringens is structurally related to the type IV secretion system protein VirB8 from Gram-negative bacteria, Molecular Microbiology [P], vol 83, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK, pp. 275-288.
Bantwal, R., Bannam, T.L., Porter, C.J., Quinsey, N.S., Lyras, D., Adams, V.M., Rood, J.I., 2012, The peptidoglycan hydrolase TcpG is required for efficient conjugative transfer of pCW3 in Clostridium perfringens, Plasmid [P], vol 67, issue 2, Academic Press, USA, pp. 139-147.
Carter, G.P., Rood, J.I., Lyras, D., 2012, The role of toxin A and toxin B in the virulence of clostridium difficile, Trends in Microbiology [P], vol 20, issue 1, Elsevier Ltd * Trends Journals, UK, pp. 21-29.
Chen, J., Rood, J.I., McClane, B.A., 2011, Epsilon-toxin production by Clostridium perfringens type D strain CN3718 is dependent upon the agr operon but not the VirS/VirR two-component regulatory system, mBio [E], vol 2, issue 6 (Art. No: e00275), American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 1-11.
Bannam, T.L., Yan, X., Harrison, P.F., Seemann, T., Keyburn, A.L., Stubenrauch, C., Weeramantri, L.H., Cheung, J.K., McClane, B.A., Boyce, J.D., Moore, R.J., Rood, J.I., 2011, Necrotic enteritis-derived Clostridium perfringens strain with three closely related independently conjugative toxin and antibiotic resistance plasmids, mBio [E], vol 2, issue 5 (Art. No: e00190), American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 1-9.
Adler, B., Rood, J., Gaastra, W., Browning, G., Moore, R., 2011, Preface: Pathogenesis of bacterial diseases of animals, Veterinary Microbiology [P], vol 153, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, p. 1.
Hiscox, T.J., Chakravorty, A., Choo, J.M.F., Ohtani, K., Shimizu, T., Cheung, K.J., Rood, J.I., 2011, Regulation of virulence by the RevR response regulator in Clostridium perfringens, Infection And Immunity [P], vol 79, issue 6, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 2145-2153.
Wong, W., Wijeyewickrema, L.C., Kennan, R.M., Reeve, S.B., Steer, D.L., Reboul, C., Smith, A.I., Pike, R.N., Rood, J.I., Whisstock, J.C., Porter, C.J., 2011, S1 pocket of a bacterially derived subtilisin-like protease underpins effective tissue destruction, Journal Of Biological Chemistry [P], vol 286, issue 49, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc., USA, pp. 42180-42187.
Carter, G.P., Awad, M.M., Kelly, M.L., Rood, J.I., Lyras, D., 2011, TcdB or not TcdB: a tale of two Clostridium difficile toxins, Future Microbiology [P], vol 6, issue 2, Future Medicine Ltd, UK, pp. 121-123.
Carter, G.P., Awad, M.M., Hao, Y., Thelen, T., Bergin, I.L., Howarth, P.M., Seemann, T., Rood, J.I., Aronoff, D.M., Lyras, D., 2011, TcsL Is an Essential Virulence Factor in Clostridium sordellii ATCC 9714, Infection And Immunity [P], vol 79, issue 3, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 1025-1032.
Carter, G.P., Douce, G.R., Govind, R., Howarth, P.M., Mackin, K.E., Spencer, J., Buckley, A.M., Antunes, A., Kotsanas, D., Jenkin, G.A., Dupuy, B., Rood, J.I., Lyras, D., 2011, The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile, Plos Pathogens [P], vol 7, issue 10 (Art. No: e1002317), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-11.
Chakravorty, A., Awad, M., Hiscox, T., Cheung, K., Carter, G., Choo, J., Lyras, D., Rood, J., 2011, The cysteine protease alpha-clostripain is not essential for the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens-mediated myonecrosis, PLoS ONE [P], vol 6, issue 7 (Art. No: e22762), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-7.
Kennan, R., Han, X., Porter, C., Rood, J., 2011, The pathogenesis of ovine footrot, Veterinary Microbiology [P], vol 153, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, pp. 59-66.
Keyburn, A., Yan, X., Bannam, T.L., Van Immerseel, F., Rood, J.I., Moore, R.J., 2010, Association between avian necrotic enteritis and Clostridium perfringens strains expressing NetB toxin, Veterinary Research [P], vol 41, EDP Sciences, France, pp. 1-16.
Wong, W., Kennan, R.M., Rosado, C.J., Rood, J.I., Whisstock, J., Porter, C.J., 2010, Crystallization of the virulent and benign subtilisin-like proteases from the ovine footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus, Acta Crystallographica Section F: Structural Biology..., vol 66, issue 3, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc., US, UK, pp. 289-293.
Calvo-Bado, L.A., Green, L.E., Medley, G.F., Ul-Hassan, A., Grogono-Thomas, R., Buller, N., Kaler, J., Russell, C.L., Kennan, R.M., Rood, J.I., Wellington, E.M., 2010, Detection and diversity of a putative novel heterogeneous polymorphic proline-glycine repeat (Pgr) protein in the footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus, Veterinary Microbiology [P], vol 147, issue 3-4, Elsevier BV, The Netherlands, pp. 358-366.
Rood, J.I., 2010, Listeria does it again, Nature [P], vol 464, issue 7292, Nature Publishing Group, UK, pp. 1138-1139.
Keyburn, A.L., Bannam, T.L., Moore, R.J., Rood, J.I., 2010, NetB, a pore-forming toxin from necrotic enteritis strains of Clostridium perfringens, Toxins [E], vol 2, issue 7, Molecular Diversity Preservation International (M DP I) AG, Switzerland, pp. 1913-1927.
Kotsanas, D., Carson, J., Awad, M.M., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., Jenkin, G.A., Stuart, R., Korman, T., 2010, Novel use of tryptose sulfite cycloserine egg yolk agar for isolation of Clostridium perfringens during an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis in a neonatal unit, Journal Of Clinical Microbiology [P], vol 48, issue 11, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 4263-4265.
Cheung, J.K., Keyburn, A.L., Carter, G.P., Lanckriet, A.L., Van Immerseel, F., Moore, R.J., Rood, J.I., 2010, The VirSR two-component signal transduction system regulates NetB toxin production in Clostridium perfringens, Infection And Immunity [P], vol 78, issue 7, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 3064-3072.
Carter, G.P., Rood, J.I., Lyras, D., 2010, The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile-associated disease: Past and present perspectives, Gut Microbes [P], vol 1, issue 1, Landes Bioscience, USA, pp. 58-64.
Kennan, R.M., Wong, W., Dhungyel, O., Han, X., Wong, D.M., Parker, D., Rosado, C.J., Law, R.H., McGowan, S., Reeve, S.B., Levina, V., Powers, G.A., Pike, R.N., Bottomley, S.P., Smith, A.I., Marsh, I., Whittington, R.J., Whisstock, J., Porter, C.J., Rood, J.I., 2010, The subtilisin-like protease AprV2 is required for virulence and uses a novel disulphide-tethered exosite to bind substrates, Plos Pathogens [P], vol 6, issue 11, Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-12.
Kennedy, C.L., Lyras, D., Cheung, K.J., Hiscox, T.J., Emmins, J.J., Rood, J.I., 2009, Cross-complementation of Clostridium perfringens PLC and Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin mutants reveals PLC is sufficient to mediate gas gangrene, Microbes and Infection, vol 11, issue 3, Elsevier Masson, France, pp. 413-418.
Uzal, F.A., Saputo, J., Sayeed, S., Vidal, J.E., Fisher, D.J., Poon, R., Adams, V.M., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Rood, J.I., McClane, B., 2009, Development and application of new mouse models to study the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens type C Enterotoxemias, Infection And Immunity [P], vol 77, issue 12, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 5291-5299.
Cheung, K.J., Awad, M.M., McGowan, S., Rood, J.I., 2009, Functional analysis of the VirSR phosphorelay from Clostridium perfringens, PLoS ONE [P], vol 4, issue 6 (e5849), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-11.
Kennedy, C.L., Lyras, D., Cordner, L.M., Melton-Witt, J., Emmins, J.J., Tweten, R.K., Rood, J.I., 2009, Pore-forming activity of alpha-toxin is essential for clostridium septicum-mediated myonecrosis, Infection and Immunity, vol 77, issue 3, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 943-951.
Kennedy, C.L., Smith, D.J., Lyras, D., Chakravorty, A., Rood, J.I., 2009, Programmed cellular necrosis mediated by the pore-forming alpha-toxin from Clostridium septicum, Plos Pathogens [P], vol 5, issue 7 (e1000516), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-11.
Van Immerseel, F., Rood, J.I., Moore, R.J., Titball, R.W., 2009, Rethinking our understanding of the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in chickens, Trends in Microbiology, vol 17, Elsevier Ltd, UK, pp. 32-36.
Chiarezza, M., Lyras, D., Pidot, S.J., Flores-Diaz, M., Awad, M.M., Kennedy, C.L., Cordner, L.M., Das, T.P., Poon, R., Hughes, M.L., Emmins, J.J., Alape-Giron, A., Rood, J.I., 2009, The NanI and NanJ sialidases of Clostridium perfringens are not essential for virulence, Infection And Immunity [P], vol 77, issue 10, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 4421-4428.
Steen, J.A., Bannam, T.L., Teng, W.L., Devenish, R.J., Rood, J.I., 2009, The putative coupling protein TcpA interacts with other pCW3-encoded proteins to form an essential part of the conjugation complex, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 191, issue 9, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 2926-2933.
Lyras, D., O'Connor, J.R., Howarth, P.M., Sambol, S.P., Carter, G.P., Phumoonna, T., Poon, R., Adams, V.M., Vedantam, G., Johnson, S., Gerding, D., Rood, J.I., 2009, Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile, Nature, vol 458, issue 7242, Nature Publishing Group, UK, pp. 1176-1179.
Lyras, D., Adams, V.M., Ballard, S.A., Teng, W.L., Howarth, P., Crellin, P., Bannam, T.L., Songer, J., Rood, J.I., 2009, tISCpe8, an IS1595-family lincomycin resistance element located on a conjugative plasmid in Clostridium perfringens, Journal Of Bacteriology [P], vol 191, issue 20, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 6345-6351.
Sayeed, S., Uzal, F.A., Fisher, D.J., Saputo, J., Vidal, J.E., Chen, Y., Gupta, P., Rood, J.I., McClane, B., 2008, Beta toxin is essential for the intestinal virulence of Clostridium perfringens type C disease isolate CN3685 in a rabbit ileal loop model, Molecular Microbiology, vol 67, issue 1, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd., United Kingdom, pp. 15-30.
Teng, W.L., Bannam, T.L., Parsons, J.A., Rood, J.I., 2008, Functional characterization and localization of the TcpH conjugation protein from Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 190, issue 14, American Society for Microbiology, United States, pp. 5075-5086.
Picardeau, M., Bulach, D.M., Bouchier, C., Zuerner, R.L., Zidane, N., Wilson, P., Creno, S., Kuczek, E., Bommezzadri, S., Davis, J., McGrath, A., Johnson, M., Boursaux-Eude, C., Seemann, T., Rouy, Z., Coppel, R.L., Rood, J.I., Lajus, A., Davies, J.K., Medigue, C., Adler, B., 2008, Genome sequence of the saprophyte Leptospira biflexa provides insights into the evolution of Leptospira and the pathogenesis of leptospirosis, PL o S One, vol 3, issue 2 (e1607), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-9.
Tennant, S.M., Hartland, E.L., Phumoonna, T., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., Robins-Browne, R.M., van Driel, I.R., 2008, Influence of gastric acid on susceptibility to infection with ingested bacterial pathogens, Infection and Immunity, vol 76, American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 639-645.
Cheetham, B.F., Parker, D., Bloomfield, G.A., Shaw, B.E., Sutherland, M., Hyman, J.A., Druitt, J., Kennan, R.M., Rood, J.I., Katz, M.E., 2008, Isolation of the bacteriophage DinoHI from Dichelobacter nodosus and its interactions with other integrated genetic elements, The Open Microbiology Journal, vol 2, Bentham Open, Netherlands, pp. 1-9.
Zhou, H., Bennett, G., Kennan, R.M., Rood, J.I., 2008, LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Identification of a leukotoxin sequence from Fusobacterium equinum, Veterinary Microbiology, vol E-Pub, Elsevier BV, The Netherlands, pp. 1-2.
Hickey, M.J., Kwan, R., Awad, M.M., Kennedy, C.L., Young, L.F., Hall, P.H., Cordner, L.M., Lyras, D., Emmins, J.J., Rood, J.I., 2008, Molecular and cellular basis of microvascular perfusion deficits induced by clostridium perfringens and clostridium septicum, P L o S Pathogens, vol 4, issue 4, Public Library of Science, United States, pp. 1-9.
Keyburn, A., Boyce, J.D., Vaz, P.K., Bannam, T.L., Ford, M.E., Parker, D., Di Rubbo, A., Rood, J.I., Moore, R.J., 2008, NetB, a new toxin that is associated with avian necrotic enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens, PL o S Pathogens, vol 4, issue 2 (e26), Public Library of Science, United States, pp. 1-11.
Roberts, A.P., Chandler, M., Courvalin, P., Guedon, G., Mullany, P., Pembroke, T., Rood, J.I., Smith, C.J., Summers, A.O., Tsuda, M., Berg, D.E., 2008, Revised nomenclature for transposable genetic elements, Plasmid, vol 60, issue 3, Academic Press, USA, pp. 167-173.
Han, X.Y., Kennan, R.M., Davies, J.K., Reddacliff, L.A., Dhungyel, O.P., Whittington, R.J., Turnbull, L., Whitchurch, C.B., Rood, J.I., 2008, Twitching motility is essential for virulence in Dichelobacter nodosus, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 190, issue 9, American Society for Microbiology, United States, pp. 3323-3335.
Carter, G.P., Lyras, D., Allen, D.L., Mackin, K., Howarth, P., O'Connor, J.R., Rood, J.I., 2007, Binary toxin production in Clostridium difficile is regulated by CdtR, a LytTR family response regulator, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 189, issue 10, American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC, USA, pp. 7290-7301.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Fisher, D.J., Poon, R., Sayeed, S., Adams, V.M., Rood, J.I., Mcclane, B.E., Uzal, F.A., 2007, Both epsilon-toxin and beta-toxin are important for the lethal properties of Clostridium perfringens type b isolates in the mouse intravenous injection model, Infection and Immunity, vol 75, issue 3, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 1443-1452.
Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Sayeed, S., Fisher, D.J., Poon, R., Adams, V.M., Rood, J.I., McClane, B.E., Saputo, J., Uzal, F.A., 2007, Development and application of an oral challenge mouse model for studying Clostridium perfringens type D infection, Infection and Immunity, vol 75, issue 9, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 4282-4288.
Hughes, M.L., Poon, R., Adams, V.M., Sayeed, S., Saputo, J., Uzal, F.A., McClane, B.E., Rood, J.I., 2007, Epsilon-toxin plasmids of Clostridium perfringens type D are conjugative, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 189, issue 21, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 7531-7538.
Myers, G.S., Parker, D., Al-Hasani, K., Kennan, R.M., Seemann, T., Ren, Q., Badger, J.H., Selengut, J.D., DeBoy, R.T., Tettelin, H., Boyce, J.D., McCarl, V., Han, X.Y., Nelson, W.C., Madupu, R., Mohamoud, Y., Holley, T., Fedorova, N., Bottomley, S.P., Whittington, R.J., Adler, B., Songer, J., Rood, J.I., Paulsen, I.T., 2007, Genome sequence and identification of candidate vaccine antigens from the animal pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus, Nature Biotechnology, vol 25, issue 5, Nature Publishing Group, New York NY USA, pp. 569-575.
Parsons, J.A., Bannam, T.L., Devenish, R.J., Rood, J.I., 2007, TcpA, an FtsK/SpoIIIE homolog, is essential for transfer of the conjugative plasmid pCW3 in Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 189, issue 21, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 7782-7790.
Han, X.Y., Kennan, R.M., Parker, D., Davies, J.K., Rood, J.I., 2007, Type IV fimbrial biogenesis is required for protease secretion and natural transformation in Dichelobacter nodosus, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 189, issue 14, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 5022-5033.
Keyburn, A.L., Sheedy, S.A., Ford, M.E., Williamson, M.M., Awad, M.M., Rood, J.I., Moore, R.J., 2006, Alpha-toxin of Clostridium perfringens is not an essential virulence factor in necrotic enteritis in chickens, Infection and Immunity, vol 74, issue 11, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 6496-6500.
Davies, J.K., Rood, J.I., 2006, Bacterial gene regulation: An overview, Microbiology Australia [P], vol 27, issue 3, The Australian Society for Microbiology Inc., Australia, pp. 99-100.
Gunesekere, I.C., Kahler, C.M., Powell, D.R., Snyder, L.A.S., Saunders, N.J., Rood, J.I., Davies, J.K., 2006, Comparison of the RpoH-dependent regulon and general stress response in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 188, issue 13, AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON DC USA, pp. 4769-4776.
O'Connor, J.R., Lyras, D., Farrow, K.A., Adams, V.M., Powell, D.R., Hinds, J., Cheung, K.J., Rood, J.I., 2006, Construction and analysis of chromosomal Clostridium difficile mutants, Molecular Microbiology, vol 61, issue 5, Blackwell Publishing, UK, pp. 1335-1351.
Fisher, D.J., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Sayeed, S., Poon, R., Adams, V.M., Rood, J.I., Uzal, F.A., McClane, B.A., 2006, Dissecting the contributions of Clostridium perfringens type C toxins to lethality in the mouse intravenous injection model, Infection and Immunity, vol 74, issue 9, AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON DC USA, pp. 5200-5210.
Gunesekere, I.C., Kahler, C.M., Ryan, C.S., Snyder, L.A.S., Saunders, N.J., Rood, J.I., Davies, J.K., 2006, Ecf, an alternative sigma factor from Neisseria gonorrhoeae, controls expression of msrAB, which encodes methionine sulfoxide reductase, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 188, issue 10, Amer Soc Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 3463-3469.
Bannam, T.L., Teng, W.L., Bulach, D.M., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2006, Functional identification of conjugation and replication regions of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pCW3 from Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 188, issue 13, Amer Soc Microbiology, WASHINGTON DC USA, pp. 4942-4951.
Bulach, D.M., Zuerner, R.L., Wilson, P., Seemann, T., McGrath, A., Cullen, P.A., Davis, J., Johnson, M., Kuczek, E., Alt, D.P., Peterson-Burch, B., Coppel, R.L., Rood, J.I., Davies, J.K., Adler, B., 2006, Genome reduction in Leptospira borgpetersenii reflects limited transmission potential, Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, vol 103, issue 39, Natl Acad Scicences, Washington DC USA, pp. 14560-14565.
Parker, D., Kennan, R.M., Myers, G.S., Paulsen, I.T., Songer, J., Rood, J.I., 2006, Regulation of type IV fimbrial biogenesis in Dichelobacter nodosus, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 188, issue 13, Amer Soc Microbiology, USA, pp. 4801-4811.
Myers, G.S., Rasko, D.A., Cheung, K.J., Ravel, J., Seshadri, R., DeBoy, R.T., Ren, Q., Varga, J., Awad, M.M., Brinkac, L.M., Daugherty, S.C., Haft, D.H., Dodson, R.J., Madupu, R., Nelson, W.C., Rasovitz, M.J., Sullivan, S.A., Khouri, H., Dimitrov, G.I., Watkins, K.L., Mulligan, S., Benton, J., Radune, D., Fisher, D.J., Atkins, H.S., Hiscox, T.J., Jost, B., Billington, S.J., Songer, J., McClane, B.E., Titball, R.W., Rood, J.I., Melville, S.B., Paulsen, I.T., 2006, Skewed genomic variability in strains of the toxigenic bacterial pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, Genome Research, vol 16, issue 8, Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press, Publications Dept, USA, pp. 1031-1040.
Adams, V.M., Lucet, I., Tynan, F.E., Chiarezza, M., Howarth, P., Kim, J., Rossjohn, J., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2006, Two distinct regions of the large serine recombinase TnpX are required for DNA binding and biological function, Molecular Microbiology, vol 60, issue 3, Blackwell Publishing, UK, pp. 591-601.
Cheung, K.J., Rood, J.I., 2006, Two-component signal transduction systems: The adapt and survive response, Microbiology Australia [P], vol 27, issue 3, The Australian Society for Microbiology Inc., Australia, pp. 102-104.
Chen, Y., McClane, B.E., Fisher, D.J., Rood, J.I., Gupta, P., 2005, Construction of an alpha toxin gene knockout mutant of Clostridium perfringens type A by use of a mobile group II intron, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol 71, issue 11, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 7542-7547.
Sayeed, S., Fernandez-Miyakawa, M.E., Fisher, D.J., Adams, V.M., Poon, R., Rood, J.I., Uzal, F.A., McClane, B.A., 2005, Epsilon-toxin Is required for most Clostridium perfringens type D vegetative culture supernatants to cause lethality in the mouse intravenous injection model, Infection and Immunity, vol 73, issue 11, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 7413-7421.
Parker, D., Kennan, R.M., Myers, G.S., Paulsen, I.T., Rood, J.I., 2005, Identification of a Dichelobacter nodosus ferric uptake regulator and determination of its regulatory targets, Journal Of Bacteriology, vol 187, issue 1, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 366-375.
Lucet, I.S., Tynan, F.E., Adams, V.M., Rossjohn, J., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2005, Identification of the structural and functional domains of the large serine recombinase TnpX from Clostridium perfringens, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol 280, issue 4, American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc., Bethesda USA, pp. 2503-2511.
Rupnik, M., Dupuy, B., Fairweather, N.F., Gerding, D.N., Johnson, S., Just, I., Lyerly, D.M., Popoff, M.R., Rood, J.I., Sonenshein, A.L., Thelestam, M., Wren, B.W., Wilkins, T.D., von Eichel-Streiber, C., 2005, Revised nomenclature of Clostridium difficile toxins and associated genes, The Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol 54, Society for General Microbiology, United Kingdom, pp. 113-117.
Kennedy, C.L., Krejany, E.O., Young, L.F., O'Connor, J.R., Awad, M.M., Boyd, R.L., Emmins, J.J., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2005, The alpha-toxin of Clostridium septicum is essential for virulence, Molecular Microbilology, vol 57, issue 5, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, UK, pp. 1357-1366.
Adams, V.M., Lucet, I.S., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2004, DNA binding properties of TnpX indicate that different synapses are formed in the excision and integration of the Tn4451 family, Molecular Microbiology, vol 53, issue 4, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 1195-1207.
Sheedy, S.A., Ingham, A.B., Rood, J.I., Moore, R.J., 2004, Highly conserved alpha-toxin sequences of avian isolates of Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol 42, issue 3, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 1345-1347.
Bannam, T.L., Johanesen, P.A., Salvado, C.L., Pidot, S.J.A., Farrow, K.A., Rood, J.I., 2004, The Clostridium perfringens TetA(P) efflux protein contains a functional variant of the Motif A region found in major facilitator superfamily transport proteins, Microbiology, vol 150, issue Part 1, Society for General Microbiology, Reading UK, pp. 127-134.
Lyras, D., Adams, V.M., Lucet, I., Rood, J.I., 2004, The large resolvase TnpX is the only transposon-encoded protein required for transposition of the Tn4451/3 family of integrative mobilizable elements, Molecular Microbiology, vol 51, issue 6, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 1787-1800.
Cheung, K.J., Dupuy, B., Deveson, D.S., Rood, J.I., 2004, The spatial organization of the VirR boxes is critical for VirR-mediated expression of the perfringolysin O gene, pfoA, from Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 186, issue 11, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 3321-3330.
Shultz, T.R., Tapsall, J.W., White, P.A., Ryan, C.S., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., Binotto, E.W., Richardson, C.J.L., 2003, Chloramphenicol-resistant Neisseria meningitidis containing catP isolated in Australia, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol 1, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, pp. 856-859.
McGowan, S., O'Connor, J.R., Cheung, J.K., Rood, J.I., 2003, The SKHR motif is required for biological function of the VirR response regulator from Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 185, issue 20, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 6205-6208.
Kennan, R.M., Dhungyel, O.P., Whittington, R.J., Egerton, J.R., Rood, J.I., 2003, Transformation-mediated serogroup conversion of Dichelobacter nodosus, Veterinary Microbiology, vol 92, issue 1-2, Elsevier BV, Amsterdam The Netherlands, pp. 169-178.
Mani, N., Lyras, D., Barosso, L., Howarth, P., Wilkins, T., Sonenshein, A.L., Rood, J.I., Dupuy, B., 2002, Environmental Response and Autoregulation of Clostridium difficile TXeR, a Sigma Factor for Toxin Gene Expression, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 184, issue 21, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp. 5971-5978.
Farrow, K.A., Lyras, D., Polekhina, G., Koutsis, K., Parker, M.W., Rood, J.I., 2002, Identification of Essential Residues in the Erm(B) rRNA Methyltransferase of Clostridium perfringens, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol 46, issue 5, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 1253-1261.
Awad, M.M., Rood, J.I., 2002, Perfringolysin O Expression in Clostridium perfringens Is Independent of the Upstream pfoR Gene, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 184, issue 7, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 2034-2038.
McGowan, S., Lucet, I.S., Cheung, J.K., Awad, M.M., Whisstock, J.C., Rood, J.I., 2002, The FxRxHrS motif: a conserved region essential for DNA binding of the VirR response regulator from Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol 322, issue 5, Academic Press Ltd Elsevier Science Ltd, London England, pp. 997-1011.
Adams, V., Lyras, D., Farrow, K.A., Rood, J.I., 2002, The clostridial mobilisable transposons, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol 59, issue 12, Birkhauser Verlag Ag, Basel Switzerland, pp. 2033-2043.
Roberts, A.P., Johanesen, P.A., Lyras, D., Mullany, P., Rood, J.I., 2001, Comparison of Tn5397 from Clostridium difficile, Tn916 from Enterococcus faecalis and the CW459tet(M) element from Clostridium perfringens shows that they have similar conjugation regions but different insertion and excision modules, Microbiology, vol 147, issue 5, Society for General Microbiology, UK, pp. 1243-1251.
Brynestad, S., Sarker, M.R., Mcclane, B.E., Granum, P.E., Rood, J.I., 2001, Enterotoxin plasmid from clostridium perfringens is conjugative, Infection and Immunity, vol 69, issue 5, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 3483-3487.
Farrow, K.A., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2001, Genomic analysis of the erythromycin resistance element Tn5398 from Clostridium difficile, Microbiology, vol 147, Society for General Microbiology, UK, pp. 2717-2728.
Johanesen, P.A., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2001, Induction of pCW3-encoded tetracycline resistance in clostridium perfringens involves a host-encoded factor, Plasmid, vol 46, issue 3, Academic Press, San Diego USA, pp. 229-232.
Awad, M.M., Ellemor, D.M., Boyd, R.L., Emmins, J.J., Rood, J.I., 2001, Synergistic effects of alpha-toxin and perfringolysin O in Clostridium perfringens-mediated gas gangrene, Infection and immunity, vol 69, issue 12, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 7904-7910.
Kennan, R.M., Dhungyel, O.P., Whittington, R.J., Egerton, J.R., Rood, J.I., 2001, The type IV fimbrial subunit gene (fimA) of Dichelobacter nodosus is essential for virulence, protease secretion, and natural competence, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 183, issue 15, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 4451-4458.
Johanesen, P.A., Lyras, D., Bannam, T.L., Rood, J.I., 2001, Transcriptional analysis of the tet(P) operon from Clostridium perfringens, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 183, issue 24, American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 7110-7119.
Wang, H., Roberts, A.P., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., Wilks, M., Mullany, P., 2000, Characterization of the ends and target sites of the novel conjugative transposon Tn5397 from Clostridium difficile: Excision and circulation is mediated by the large resolvase, TndX, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 182 issue 13, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 3775-3783.
Awad, M.M., Ellemor, D.M., Bryant, A.E., Matsushita, O., Boyd, R.L., Stevens, D.L., Emmins, J.J., Rood, J.I., 2000, Construction and virulence testing of a collagenase mutant of Clostridium perfringens, Microbial Pathogenesis, vol 28, Academic Press, London UK, pp. 107-117.
Cheung, J., Rood, J.I., 2000, Glutamate residues in the putative transmembrane region are required for the function of the VirS sensor histidine kinase from Clostridium perfringens, Microbiology, vol 146, Society for General Microbiology, Reading UK, pp. 517-525.
Cheung, J., Rood, J.I., 2000, The VirR response regulator from Clostridium perfringens binds independently to two imperfect direct repeats located upstream of the pfoA promoter, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 182 issue 1, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 57-66.
Farrow, K.A., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2000, The macrolide-lincosamide-strepogramin B resistance determinant from Clostridium difficile 630 contains two erm(B) genes, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol 44 issue 2, Amercian Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 411-413.
Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 2000, Transposition of Tn4451 and Tn4453 involves a circular intermediate that forms a promoter for the large resolvase, TnpX, Molecualar Microbiology, vol 38 issue 3, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 588-601.
Billington, S.J., Huggins, A.S., Johanesen, P.A., Crellin, P.K., Cheung, J., Katz, M.E., Wright, C.L., Haring, V., Rood, J.I., 1999, Complete nucleotide sequence of the 27-kilobase virulence related locus ("vrl") of "Dichelobacter nodosus": evidence for extrachromosomal origin, Infection and Immunity, vol 67 issue 3, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 1277-1286.
Johnson, S., Samore, M.H., Farrow, K.A., Killgore, G.E., Tenover, F.C., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., De Girolami, P., Baltch, A.L., Rafferty, M.E., Pear, S.M., Gerding, D.N., 1999, Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of "Clostridium difficile" in four hospitals, The New England Journal of Medicine, vol 341 issue 22, Massachusetts Medical Society, Waltham USA, pp. 1645-1651.
Bannam, T.L., Rood, J.I., 1999, Identification of structural and functional domains of the tetracycline efflux protein TetA(P) from "Clostridium perfringens", Microbiology, vol 145, Society for General Microbiology, Reading UK, pp. 2947-2955.
Roberts, M.C., Sutcliffe, J., Courvalin, P., Jensen, L., Rood, J.I., Seppala, H., 1999, Nomenclature for macrolide and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance determinants, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol 43 issue 12, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 2823-2830.
Levy, S.B., McMurray, L.M., Barbosa, T.M., Burdett, V., Courvalin, P., Hillen, W., Roberts, M.C., Rood, J.I., Taylor, D.E., 1999, Nomenclature for new tetracyline resistance determinants, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol 43 issue 6, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 1523-1524.
Ellemor, D.M., Baird, R.N., Awad, M.M., Boyd, R.L., Rood, J.I., Emmins, J.J., 1999, Use of Genetically Manipulated Strains of Clostridium perfringens Reveals that Both Alpha-Toxin and Theta-Toxin are Required for Vascular Leukostasis to Occur in Experimental Gas Gangrene, Infection and Immunity, vol 67:9, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC USA, pp. 4902-4907.
Ellemor, D.M., Baird, R.N., Awad, M.M., Boyd, R.L., Rood, J.I., Emmins, J.J., 1999, Use of genetically manipulated strains of "Clostridium perfringens" reveals that both alpha-toxin and theta-toxin are required for vascular leukostasis to occur in experimental gas gangrene, Infection and Immunity, vol 67 issue 9, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 4902-4907.
Lyras, D., Storie, C., Huggins, A.S., Crellin, P.K., Bannam, T.L., Rood, J.I., 1998, Chloramphenicol resistance in Clostridium difficile is encoded on Tn4453 transposons that are closely related to Tn4451 from Clostridium perfringens, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol 42 no 7, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 1563-1567.
Johnston, J.L., Billington, S.J., Haring, V., Rood, J.I., 1998, Complementation analysis of the Dichelobacter nodosus fimN,fimO, and fimP genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and transcriptional analysis of the fimNOP gene region, Infection and Immunity, vol 66 no 1, American Society for Microbiology, Washington USA, pp. 297-304.
Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 1998, Conjugative transfer of RP4-oriT shuttle vectors from Escherichia coli to Clostridium perfringens, Plasmid, vol 39, Academic Press, Orlando USA, pp. 160-164.
Kennan, R.M., Billington, S.J., Rood, J.I., 1998, Electroporation - mediated transformation of the ovine footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol 169, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 383-389.
Crellin, P.K., Rood, J.I., 1998, Tn4451 from Clostridium perfringens is a mobilizable transposon that encodes the functional Mob protein, TnpZ, Molecular Microbiology, vol 27 no 3, Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 631-642.
Stevens, D.J., Tweten, R.K., Awad, M.M., Rood, J.I., Bryant, A.E., 1997, Clostridial gas ganrene: evidence that a and q toxins differentially modulate the immune response and induce acute tissue necrosis, The Journal of Infectous Diseases, vol 176, University of Chicago Press, Chicago IL, pp. 189-195.
Kennan, R.M., McMurray, L.M., Levy, S.B., Rood, J.I., 1997, Glutamate residues located within putative transmembrane helices are essential for TetA(P)-mediated tetracycline efflux, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 179, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp. 7011-7015.
Awad, M.M., Rood, J.I., 1997, Isolation of a-toxin, q-toxin, k-toxin mutants of Clostridium perfringens by Tn916 mutagenesis, Microbial Pathogenesis, vol 22, Academic Press, Inc, Orlando FL, pp. 275-284.
La Fontaine, S.A., Rood, J.I., 1997, Physical and genetic map of the chromosome of Dichelobacter nodosus strain A198, Gene, vol 184, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 291-298.
Johnston, J.J., Sloan, J., Fyfe, J.A., Davies, J.K., Rood, J.I., 1997, The recA gene from Clostridium perfringens is in included by methyl methanesulphonate and contains an upstream Cheo box, Microbiology, vol 143, Society for General Microbiology, Reading UK, pp. 885-890.
Crellin, P.K., Rood, J.I., 1997, The resolvase / invertase domain of the site - specific recombinase TnpX is functional and recognizes a target sequence that resembles the junction of the circular form of the Clostridium perfringens transposon Tn4451, Journal of Bacteriology, vol 179, American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp. 5148-5156.
Kennan, R.M., Billington, S.J., Rood, J.I., 1998, Electroporation - mediated transformation of the ovine footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodusus, Microbiology Australia, Hobart 27 September - 2 October 1998, Ink Press International, Subiaco WA Australia, p. P20.4.
Rood, J.I., Lyras, D., Crellin, P.K., 1998, Mobilisable transposons from the clostridia, Microbiology Australia, Hobart 27 September - 2 October 1998, Ink Press International, Subiaco WA Australia, p. S50.3.
Farrow, K.A., Lyras, D., Rood, J.I., 1998, The erm determinant from Clostridium difficile strain 630 contains two ermBZ genes, Microbiology Australia, Hobart 27 September - 2 October 1998, Ink Press International, Subiaco WA Australia, p. P17.2.
Lyras, D., Melville, S.B., Rood, J.I., 1997, Conjugative transfer of shuttle and suicide vectors from Escherichia coli to Clostridium perfringens, Clostridia 97 - Pathogenesis, Onzain, France, 22-25/06/97, Societe Francaise de Microbiologie, Paris France, p. 73.
Crellin, P.K., Rood, J.I., 1997, Evidence that Tn4451 from Clostridium perfringens is a mobilizable transposon, Clostridia 97 - Pathogenesis, Onzain, France, 22-25/06/97, Societe Francaise de Microbiologie, Paris France, p. 28.
Lyras, D., Crellin, P.K., Rood, J.I., 1997, Functional analysis of chloramphenicol resistance transposons from Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile, Clostridia 97 - Pathogenesis, 41150 Onzain, France, 22-25/06/97, Societe Francaise de Microbiologie, Paris, p. 27.
Cheung, J., Rood, J.I., 1997, Genetic regulation of virulence in Clostridium perfringens, Reviews in Medical Microbiology, Cambridge, UK, 09-11/07/97, Chapman & Hall, London UK, pp. S25-S27.
Ellemor, D.M., Baird, R.N., Awad, M.M., Emmins, J.J., Boyd, R.L., Rood, J.I., 1997, Immunohistological studies of acute clostridial myonecrosis in mice, Clostridia 97 - Pathogenesis, Onzain, France, 22-25/06/97, Societe Francaise de Microbiologie, Paris France, p. 50.
Rood, J.I., Billington, S.J., Johnston, J.J., 1997, Molecular pathogenesis of the oving footrot pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus, Reviews in Medical Microbiology, Cambridge, UK, 09-11/07/97, Chapman & Hall, London UK, pp. S31-S33.
Rood, J.I., Crellin, P.K., Lyras, D., 1997, Site-specific excision and mobilisation of clostridial chloramphenicol resistance transposons, Transposition and site-specific recombination, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 01-07/03/97, Keystone Symposia, Silverthorne CO, p. 36.
Cheung, J., Rood, J.I., 1997, Two - component regulation of toxin production in Clostridium perfringens: functional analysis of the VirR and VirS proteins, Clostridia 97 - Pathogenesis, Onzain, France, 22-25/06/97, Societe Francaise de Microbiologie, Paris France, p. 55.
Johnson, E.A., Bradshaw, M., Rood, J.I., Lyras, D., 1999, Expression system for Clostridium species, USA.
Rood, J.I., 1998, Virulence genes of Clostridium perfringens, Annual Reviews in Microbiology, vol 52, Annual Reviews, Palo Alto USA, pp. 333-360.
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