Prof Claude Bernard - Researcher Profile

From OMC

Address

Monash Immunology & Stem Cell Labs
Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Clayton

Biography

There are no shortcuts in solving the MS puzzle

While trying to unlock the genetic puzzle that causes multiple sclerosis (MS), Professor Claude Bernard and his research team attempt a multi-pronged approach to understanding and potentially repairing, the damage inflicted by the disease. 

 

Promising pre-clinical data have already contributed to the existing knowledge pertaining to the cause and physiopathology of this degenerative disease.

“Our research is very focused on the patient and on regenerative medicine but in order to do that you still need to have good basic research,’ says Claude, who is Deputy Director of Monash Immunology Stem Cell Laboratories (MISCL).

Neurons, astrocytes (the supporting cells), and oligodendrocytes (cells that produce myelin) are important brain cells. Myelin creates an insulating sheath around the axon (or cell ‘conductor’) preventing the possibility of a neural ‘short-circuit.’ The axon and the surrounding myelin are the main targets of MS. 

Newly diagnosed or potential MS patients are unlikely or unable to donate brain tissue samples, so biopsies taken from living patients are usually not entirely representative of ‘classic MS’.

Claude’s research team have now been able to produce mature neural cells from patients with MS. By taking a piece of skin, the group can revert skin cells (also known as fibroblasts), into stem cells. These cells can further be differentiated into mature brain cells, such as oligodendrocytes or neurons. This is an important development in MS research because of its potential clinical utility for disease modelling as well as cell therapeutics and drug screening.

Indeed, if it is found that the cells which assemble the myelin sheath around the axon are defective in MS, then mature brain cells generated in the laboratory could be critically important to screen drugs aimed at correcting such a problem. The group is also studying whether the MS-derived neuronal cells have some anomalies with regard to their electrophysiological and biological properties. 

The use of another type of stem cell represents yet another approach to the disease. Mesenchymal stem cells, which Claude likens to ‘firemen’,  migrate towards cellular damage and tissue inflammation in various parts of the body. When these cells are transplanted into an animal model of MS, they can suppress the immune response that leads to the development of the disease. Moreover, these cells can be modified by genetic manipulation, so that not only can they prevent the destruction of brain tissue, but also help repair the damaged tissue. 

A major obstacle in repairing existing damage in autoimmune diseases like MS is the existence of hostile cells within the immune system, which are primed to attack the brain cells. Finding a way to ‘delete’ those cells that cause the problem in first instance, has led Claude and his colleagues to the revolutionary notion of ‘reprogramming’ the immune system. 

The translation of the laboratory work performed by Claude’s group to the clinic may not be for tomorrow. However, it may in the long term help MS patients that are not responsive to current therapeutic approaches. 

 

Qualifications

DOCTORAT ES SCIENCES
Institution: a'Etate University Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
Year awarded: 1978
DOCTORATE IN MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
Institution: University of Montreal
Year awarded: 1973
MASTER OF SCIENCE (MICROBIOLOGY)
Institution: Faculty of Medicine in Montreal, Canada
Year awarded: 1970
DIPLOMA OF D'ETUDES SUPERIEURES IN NATURAL SCIENCE
Institution: Sorbonne, Paris
Year awarded: 1968

Publications

Journal Articles

Payne, N.J., Sun, G., Herszfeld, D., Tat-Goh, P.A., Verma, P.J., Parkington, H.C., Coleman, H.A., Tonta, M.A., Siatskas, C., Bernard, C.C.A., 2012, Comparative study on the therapeutic potential of neurally differentiated stem cells in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, PLoS ONE [P], vol 7, issue 4 (Art. No.: e35093), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-14.

Payne, N.L., Dantanarayana, A., Sun, G., Moussa, L., Caine, S., McDonald, C., Herszfeld, D., Bernard, C.C., Siatskas, C., 2012, Early intervention with gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-4 enhances anti-inflammatory responses and functional recovery in experimental autoimmune demyelination, Cell Adhesion and Migration [P], vol 6, issue 3, Landes Bioscience, USA, pp. 179-189.

Petratos, S., Ozturk, E., Azari, M.F., Kenny, R., Lee, J.Y., Magee, K.A., Harvey, A.R., McDonald, C., Taghian, K., Moussa, L., Aui, P., Siatskas, C., Litwak, S.A., Fehlings, M.G., Strittmatter, S.M., Bernard, C.C., 2012, Limiting multiple sclerosis related axonopathy by blocking Nogo receptor and CRMP-2 phosphorylation, Brain [P], vol 135, issue Pt 6, Oxford University Press, UK, pp. 1794-1818.

Song, B., Sun, G., Herszfeld, D., Sylvain, A., Campanale, N.V., Hirst, C.E., Caine, S., Parkington, H.C., Tonta, M.A., Coleman, H.A., Short, M.A., Ricardo, S.D., Reubinoff, B., Bernard, C.C.A., 2012, Neural differentiation of patient specific iPS cells as a novel approach to study the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis, Stem Cell Research [P], vol 8, issue 2, Elsevier BV, The Netherlands, pp. 259-273.

Caine, S., Heraud, P.R., Tobin, M.J., McNaughton, D., Bernard, C.C.A., 2012, The application of Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy for the study of diseased central nervous system tissue, Neuroimage [P], vol 59, Academic Press, USA, pp. 3624-3640.

Song, B., Smink, A., Jones, C., Callaghan, J.M., Firth, S.D., Bernard, C.C., Laslett, A.L., Kerr, P.G., Ricardo, S.D., 2012, The directed differentiation of human iPS cells into kidney podocytes, PLoS ONE [P], vol 7, issue 9 (Art. No.: e46453), Public Library of Science, USA, pp. 1-9.

Siatskas, C., Seach, N.L., Sun, G., Emerson-Webber, A.C., Silvain, A., Toh, B., Alderuccio, F.P., Backstrom, B.T., Boyd, R.L., Bernard, C.C., 2012, Thymic gene transfer of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein ameliorates the onset but not the progression of autoimmune demyelination, Molecular Therapy [P], vol 20, issue 7, Nature Publishing Group, UK, pp. 1349-1359.

Menon, K., Steer, D.L., Short, M., Petratos, S., Smyth, I.M., Bernard, C.C., 2011, A novel unbiased proteomic approach to detect the reactivity of cerebrospinal fluid in neurological diseases, Molecular & Cellular Proteomics [P], vol 10, issue 6 (Art. No: M110.000042), American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc., USA, pp. 1-14.

Laborde, E., Macsata, R.W., Meng, F., Peterson, B.T., Robinson, L., Schow, S.R., Simon, R.J., Xu, H., Baba, K., Inagaki, H., Ishiwata, Y., Jomori, T., Matsumoto, Y., Miyachi, A., Nakamura, T., Okamoto, M., Handel, T.M., Bernard, C.C., 2011, Discovery, optimization, and pharmacological characterization of novel heteroaroylphenylureas antagonists of C-C chemokine ligand 2 function, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry [P], vol 54, issue 6, American Chemical Society, USA, pp. 1667-1681.

Song, B., Niclis, J., Alikhan, M., Sakkal, S., Sylvain, A., Kerr, P., Laslett, A., Bernard, C., Ricardo, S., 2011, Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human kidney mesangial cells, Journal Of The American Society Of Nephrology [P], vol 22, issue 7, American Society of Nephrology, USA, pp. 1213-1220.

Ma, J., Tanaka, K.F., Shimizu, T., Bernard, C.C., Kakita, A., Takahashi, H., Pfeiffer, S.E., Ikenaka, K., 2011, Microglial cystatin F expression is a sensitive indicator for ongoing demyelination with concurrent remyelination, Journal Of Neuroscience Research [P], vol 89, issue 5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, pp. 639-649.

Zhou, K., Sun, G., Bernard, C.C., Thouas, G.A., Nisbet, D.R., Forsythe, J.S., 2011, Optimizing interfacial features to regulate neural progenitor cells using polyelectrolyte multilayers and brain derived neurotrophic factor, Biointerphases [P], vol 6, issue 4, SpringerOpen, Germany, pp. 189-199.

Short, M., Campanale, N., Litwak, S., Bernard, C., 2011, Quantitative and phenotypic analysis of bone marrow-derived cells in the intact and inflamed central nervous system, Cell Adhesion and Migration [P], vol 5, issue 5, Landes Bioscience, USA, pp. 373-381.

McDonald, C., Siatskas, C., Bernard, C.C., 2011, The emergence of amnion epithelial stem cells for the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Inflammation and Regeneration [P], vol 31, issue 3, The Japanese Society of Inflammation and Regeneration, Japan, pp. 256-271.

Payne, N., Siatskas, C., Barnard, A.L., Bernard, C.C.A., 2011, The prospect of stem cells as multi-faceted purveyors of immune modulation, repair and regeneration in multiple sclerosis, Current Stem Cell Research and Therapy [P], vol 6, issue 1, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd, The Netherlands, pp. 50-62.

Siatskas, C., Payne, N.L., Short, M.A., Bernard, C.C., 2010, A consensus statement addressing mesenchymal stem cell transplantation for multiple sclerosis: It's time!, Stem Cell Reviews [P], vol 6, issue 4, Humana Press Inc, USA, pp. 500-506.

Weber, M.S., Prod'Homme, T., Patarroyo, J.C., Molnarfi, N., Karnezis, T., Lehmann-Horn, K., Danilenko, D.M., Eastham-Anderson, J., Slavin, A.J., Linington, C., Bernard, C.C., Martin, F., Zamvil, S.S., 2010, B-cell activation influences T-cell polarization and outcome of anti-CD20 B-cell depletion in central nervous system autoimmunity, Annals Of Neurology [P], vol 68, issue 3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., USA, pp. 369-383.

Heraud, P.R., Caine, S., Campanale, N.V., Karnezis, T., McNaughton, D., Wood, B.R., Tobin, M.J., Bernard, C.C.A., 2010, Early detection of the chemical changes occurring during the induction and prevention of autoimmune-mediated demyelination detected by FT-IR imaging, Neuroimage [P], vol 49, Academic Press, USA, pp. 1180-1189.

Petratos, S., Azari, M.F., Ozturk, E., Papadopoulos, R., Bernard, C.C.A., 2010, Novel therapeutic targets for axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology [P], vol 69, issue 4, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 323-334.

Freedman, M.S., Bar-Or, A., Atkins, H.L., Karussis, D., Frassoni, F., Lazarus, H., Scolding, N., Slavin, S., Le Blanc, K., Uccelli, A., Bernard, C.C.A., 2010, The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation as a treatment for multiple sclerosis: Consensus report of the International MSCT Study Group, Multiple Sclerosis [P], vol 16, issue 4, Sage Publications Ltd, UK, pp. 503-510.

Barnard, A.L., Chidgey, A.P., Bernard, C.C.A., Boyd, R.L., 2009, Androgen depletion increases the efficacy of bone marrow transplantation in ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Blood, vol 113, American Society of Hematology, USA, pp. 204-213.

Sinha, S., Subramanian, S., Emerson-Webber, A.C., Lindner, M., Burrows, G.G., Grafe, M., Linington, C., Vandenbark, A.A., Bernard, C.C.A., Offner, H., 2009, Recombinant TCR ligand reverses clinical signs and CNS damage of EAE induced by recombinant human MOG, Journal Of Neuroimmune Pharmacology [P], vol E, Springer New York LLC, USA, pp. 1-9.

Siatskas, C., Bernard, C.C.A., 2009, Stem cell and gene therapeutic strategies for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, Current Molecular Medicine [P], vol 9, issue 8, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., The Netherlands, pp. 992-1016.

Barnard, A.L., Layton, D.S., Hince, M.N., Sakkal, S., Bernard, C.C.A., Chidgey, A.P., Boyd, R.L., 2008, Impact of the neuroendocrine system on thymus and bone marrow function, Neuroimmunomodulation, vol 15, issue 1, S. Karger AG, Switzerland, pp. 7-18.

Azari, M.F., Ozturk, E., Profyris, C., Wang, S., Small, D.H., Bernard, C.C.A., Petratos, S., 2008, LIF treatment reduces Nogo-A deposits in spinal cord injury modulating Rho GTPase activity and CRMP-2 phosphorylation, Journal of Neurodegeneration & Regeneration, vol 1, issue 1, Weston Medical Publishing LLC, USA, pp. 23-29.

Chan, J., Ban, E., Chun, K.H., Wang, S., McQualter, J.L., Bernard, C.C.A., Toh, B., Alderuccio, F.P., 2008, Methylprednisolone induces reversible clinical and pathological remission and loss of lymphocyte reactivity to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Autoimmunity, vol 41, issue 5, Informa Healthcare, United Kingdom, pp. 405-413.

Payne, N., Siatskas, C., Bernard, C.C.A., 2008, The promise of stem cell and regenerative therapies for multiple sclerosis, Journal of Autoimmunity, vol 31, issue 3, Academic Press, UK, pp. 288-294.

Chan, J., Ban, E., Chun, K.H., Wang, S., Backstrom, B.T., Bernard, C.C.A., Toh, B., Alderuccio, F.P., 2008, Transplantation of bone marrow transduced to express self-antigen establishes deletional tolerance and permanently remits autoimmune disease., Journal of Immunology, vol 181, issue 11, American Association of Immunologists, United States, pp. 7571-7580.

Siatskas, C., Bernard, C.C.A., 2007, Emerging approaches to treat multiple sclerosis, Australasian Science [P], vol 28, Control Publications Pty. Ltd, Australia, pp. 18-22.

Otaegui, D., Mostafavi, S., Bernard, C.C.A., Lopez de Munain, A., Mousavi, P., Oksenberg, J.R., Baranzini, S.E., 2007, Increased transcriptional activity of milk-related genes following the active phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, Journal of Immunology, vol 179, issue 6, American Association of Immunologists, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 4074-4082.

McQualter, J.L., Bernard, C.C.A., 2007, Multiple sclerosis: a battle between destruction and repair, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol 100, issue 2, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford England UK, pp. 295-306.

Huntington, N.D., Tomioka, R., Clavarino, C., Chow, A.M., Linares, D., Mana, P., Rossjohn, J., Cachero, T.G., Qian, F., Kalled, S.L., Bernard, C.C.A., Reid, H.H., 2006, A BAFF antagonist suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by targeting cell-mediated and humoral immune responses, International Immunology, vol 18, issue 10, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, pp. 1473-1485.

Azari, M.F., Profyris, C., Karnezis, T., Bernard, C.C.A., Small, D.H., Cheema, S., Ozturk, E., Hatzinisiriou, I., Petratos, S., 2006, Leukemia inhibitory factor arrests oligodendrocyte death and demyelination in spinal cord injury, Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology, vol 65, issue 9, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 914-929.

McQualter, J.L., Bernard, C.C.A., 2006, Multiple sclerosis: a battle between destruction and repair, Journal of Neurochemistry, vol 100, issue 2, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford England, pp. 295-306.

Wang, D., Ayers, M., Catmull, D.V., Hazelwood, L.J., Bernard, C.C.A., Orian, J.M., 2005, Astrocyte-associated axonal damage in pre-onset stages of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Glia, vol 51, issue 3, John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken NJ USA, pp. 235-240.

Carvalho dos Santos, A., Barsante, M.M., Esteves Arantes, R.M., Bernard, C.C.A., Teixeira, M.M., Carvalho-Tavares, J., 2005, CCL2 and CCL5 mediate leukocyte adhesion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - An intravital microscopy study, Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol 162, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, pp. 122-129.

Azari, M.F., Karnezis, T., Bernard, C.C., Profyris, C., LeGrande, M.R., Zang, D.W., Cheema, S., Petratos, S., 2005, Incomplete Freund's adjuvant enhances locomotor performance following spinal cord injury, European Journal of Neurology, vol 12, issue 12, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford England, pp. 1004-1008.

Baranzini, S.E., Bernard, C.C.A., Oksenberg, J.R., 2005, Modular transcriptional activity characterizes the initiation and progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Journal of Immunology, vol 174, issue 11, American Association of Immunologists, USA, pp. 7412-7422.

Cretney, E., McQualter, J.L., Kayagaki, N., Yagita, H., Bernard, C.C.A., Grewal, I.S., Ashkenazi, A., Smyth, M.J., 2005, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)/Apo2L suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice, Immunology and Cell Biology, vol 83, issue 5, Nature Publishing Group, New York NY USA, pp. 511-519.

Ayers, M., Hazelwood, L.J., Catmull, D.V., Wang, D., McKormack, Q., Bernard, C.C.A., Orian, J.M., 2004, Early glial responses in murine models of multiple sclerosis, Neurochemistry International, vol 45, issue 2-3, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford England UK, pp. 409-419.

Bernard, C.C.A., 2004, The neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo A is involved in autoimmune-mediated demyelination. IF.980, Nature Neuroscience, vol 7, Nature Publishing Group, USA, pp. 736-744.

Mana, P., Goodyear, M., Bernard, C.C.A., Tomioka, R., Freire-Garabal, M., Linares, D., 2004, Tolerance induction by molecular mimicry: prevention and suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with the milk protein butyrophilin, International Immunology, vol 16, issue 3, Oxford University Press, UK, pp. 489-499.

Kennel de March, A., De Bouwerie, M., Kolopp-Sarda, M.N., Faure, G.C., Bene, M.C., Bernard, C.C.A., 2003, Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein B-cell responses in multiple sclerosis, Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol 135, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 117-125.

Van der Aa, A., Hellings, N., Bernard, C.C.A., Raus, J., Stinissen, P., 2003, Functional properties of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis patients and controls, Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol 137, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, pp. 164-176.

Weir, C., Bernard, C.C.A., Backstrom, B.T., 2003, IL-5-deficient mice are susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, International Immunology, vol 15, issue 11, Oxford University Press, UK, pp. 1283-1289.

Bernard, C.C.A., 2003, Protein microarrays guide tolerizing DNA vaccine treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Nature Biotechnology, vol 9, issue 21, Nature Publishing Group, US, pp. 1033-1039.

Okuda, Y., Okuda, M., Bernard, C.C.A., 2003, Regulatory role of p53 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol 135, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, pp. 29-37.

Clements, C.S., Reid, H.H., Beddoe, T.C., Tynan, F.E., Perugini, M., Johns, T.G., Bernard, C.C.A., Rossjohn, J., 2003, The crystal structure of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, a key autoantigen in multiple sclerosis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol 100, issue 19, National Academy of Sciences, Washington USA, pp. 11059-11064.

Linares, D., Mana, P., Goodyear, M., Chow, A.M., Clavarino, C., Huntington, N.D., Barnett, L., Koentgen, F., Tomioka, R., Bernard, C.C.A., Freire-Garabal, M., Reid, H.H., 2003, The magnitude and encephalogenic potential of autoimmune response to MOG is enhanced in MOG deficient mice, Journal of Autoimmunity, vol 21, issue 4, Academic Press, UK, pp. 339-351.

Okuda, Y., Okuda, M., Bernard, C.C.A., 2002, Gender does not influence the susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice to develop chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Immunology Letters, vol 81, issue 1, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, pp. 25-29.

Steinman, L., Martin, R., Bernard, C.C.A., Conlon, P., Oksenberg, J.R., 2002, Multiple sclerosis: deeper understanding of its pathogenesis reveals new targets for therapy, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol 25, Annual Reviews, USA, pp. 491-505.

Brundula, V., Rewcastle, N.B., Metz, L.M., Bernard, C.C.A., Yong, V.W., 2002, Targeting leukocyte MMPs and transmigration: minocycline as a potential therapy for multiple sclerosis, Brain, vol 125, issue 6, Oxford University Press, Oxfor England UK, pp. 1297-1308.

Okuda, Y., Okuda, M., Bernard, C.C.A., 2002, The suppression of T cell apoptosis influences the severity of disease during the chronic phase but not the recovery from the acute phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice, Journal of Neuroimmunology, vol 131, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, pp. 115-125.

Onuki, M., Ayers, M., Bernard, C.C.A., Orian, J.M., 2001, Axonal degeneration is an early pathological feature in autoimmune-mediated demyelination in mice, Microscopy Research and Technique, vol 52, issue 6, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA, pp. 731-739.

McQualter, J.L., Darwiche, R., Ewing, C., Onuki, M., Kay, T.W., Hamilton, J.A., Reid, H.H., Bernard, C.C., 2001, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a new putative therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol 194, issue 7, Rockefeller University Press, New York USA, pp. 873-881.

Bernard, C.C.A., 2001, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor: a new putative therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis. IF14.588, Journal of Experimental Medicine, vol 194, issue 7, Rockefeller University Press, NY USA, pp. 873-882.

Hellings, N., Baree, M., Verhoeven, C., D'hooghe, M.B., Medaer, R., Bernard, C.C.A., Raus, J., Stinissen, P., 2001, T-cell reactivity to multiple myelin antigens in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls, Journal of Neuroscience Research, vol 63, issue 3, John Wiley & Sons Inc, USA, pp. 290-302.

Bernard, C.C.A., 2001, The influence of the proinflammatory cytokine, osteopontin, on autoimmune demyelinating disease. IF31.853, Science, vol 294, issue (5547), Amer Assoc Advancement Science, NY US, p. 1731.

Cook, A.D., Stockman, A., Brand, C.A., Tait, B., Mackay, I.R., Muirden, K.D., Bernard, C.C., Rowley, M.J., 1999, Antibodies to Type II collagen and HLA disease susceptibility markers in rheumatoid arthritis, Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol . 42 issue 12, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia USA, pp. 2569-2576.

Coleman, G.J., Bernard, C.C., Bernard, O., 1999, Bcl-2 transgenic mice with increased number of neurons have a greater learning capacity, Brain Research, vol 832, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 188-194.

Albouz-Abo, S., Wilson, J.C., Bernard, C.C.A., Von Itzstein, M., 1997, A conformational study of the human and rat encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol 246, Springer-Verlag KG, Germany, pp. 59-70.

Rowley, M.J., Stockman, A., Brand, C., Tait, B., Rowley, G., Sherritt, M., Mackay, I.R., Muirden, K., Bernard, C.C.A., 1997, The effect of HLA-DRB1 disease susceptibility markers on the expression of RA, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, vol 26, Scandinavian University Press, Oslo Norway, pp. 448-455.

Conference Proceedings

Bernard, C.C.A., Craik, D.J., 2006, Bioengineered cyclic peptides for treatment of multiple sclerosis. IF 1.803, Journal of Peptide Science, John Wiley, UK, p. 209.

Abo, S., Wilson, J.C., Bernard, C.C., Von Itzstein, M., 1997, Biological and conformational study of the encephalitogenic myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptides 35-55, Proceedings 41st Annual ASBMB and 37th Annual ASPP Conference, Melbourne Australia, 29 September-2 October, Aust Soc for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australia, p. B2-35.

Postgraduate Research Supervisions

Current Supervision

Program of Study:
(DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:
Cellular and molecular regeneration of the central nervous system.
Supervisors:
Bernard, C (Main), Butler, E (Associate).
Program of Study:
(DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).
Thesis Title:
Gene Therapy and Bone Marrow transplantation for treatment of experimental autoimmune uveitis.
Supervisors:
Mcmenamin, P (Main), Bernard, C (Associate), Kezic, J (Associate).

Completed Supervision

Student:
Barnard, A.
Program of Study:
Immune regeneration as a novel approach to treat autoimmune-mediated demyelination. (PHD) 2009.
Supervisors:
Boyd, R (Main), Bernard, C (Associate), Chidgey, A (Associate).
Student:
Caine, S.
Program of Study:
Investigating biochemical and structural changes in animal models of multiple sclerosis using Fourier transform infrared imaging and small angle X-ray scattering. (PHD) 2012.
Supervisors:
Mcnaughton, D (Main), Bernard, C (Associate), Heraud, P (Associate).
Student:
Payne, N.
Program of Study:
Stem cell transplantation as a novel cell-based approach to treat autoimmune-mediated demyelination. (PHD) 2011.
Supervisors:
Bernard, C (Main).
Student:
Zhou, K.
Program of Study:
Scaffolds biofunctionalized with polyeletrolyte multilayers for regeneration of the central nervous system. (PHD) 2012.
Supervisors:
Forsythe, J (Main), Thouas, G (Associate), Bernard, C (Associate).