Clean-up provides stormwater as alternative supply
Helping Melbourne keep its urban river and water systems healthy is the underlying objective of Dr David McCarthy’s research at the internationally renowned Monash University Centre for Water Sensitive Cities. At the top of his agenda is the need to tackle pollution to make sure stormwater is safe for reuse and discharge to downstream recreational water bodies.
Population growth and climate change are both expected to place pressure on existing water supplies. Stormwater provides an alternative source of supply, provided it can be effectively treated to remove pollutants.
David’s research is rising to this challenge. He has two project areas. One is identifying the pollutants that accumulate in stormwater. The other is improving stormwater harvesting and reuse by developing sustainable, low-cost, low-energy treatment systems to remove those pollutants. He is seeking simple, sustainable solutions that reduce our environmental impact.
Stormwater is not just rainwater, David says. Rainwater is relatively uncontaminated when it is harvested. But stormwater collects any number of exotic pollutants as it rushes across roads and footpaths. Leaking septic tanks and misaligned domestic and trade sewers add to the contamination.
He says many of the systems being installed to treat stormwater for reuse are highly engineered, energy-hungry and expensive to build and operate. These kinds of systems are difficult to sustain in the long term.
Treatment is usually based on “indicator” organisms. However, stormwater can contain a whole host of more exotic disease-causing organisms, some of which are potentially deadly. “If we’re going to reuse this water we need to better understand the risks and eliminate the actual contaminants, not just indicator organisms. And it is as important for the rivers and creeks, where much of the stormwater ends up, as it is for potential urban reuse.”
One of the simplest stormwater treatment approaches is biofiltration. Stormwater is collected and processed through a “vegetated filter”. This could be something like a swale that has been planted with shrubs. The plants help to take up nutrients and other specific pollutants from the stormwater. The sand or soil media lining the swale removes pollutants in several different ways. It can physically strain out pollutants, absorb them, or transform them into something less harmful through various chemical or biological processes. The treated water can then be redirected for discharge to downstream water bodies or for reuse.
David says biofiltration treatment of common stormwater pollutants is well recognised. Less well understood is how these systems perform in removing some of the more exotic pollutants. Improving this understanding is essential if stormwater is to be reused – whether that is for backyards, public parks or toilets.
He says there is potential to develop stormwater harvesting systems for use at the individual property level – on gardens and for flushing toilets. Rainwater harvesting is already common practice at the household level. Adding stormwater collected from other surfaces would simply be an extension of this.
At a street level, stormwater could be used for trees and nature strips. At a precinct level, there could be more widespread watering of community parks and gardens and stormwater could even be introduced into the household for non-drinking uses.
Not surprisingly, David’s research has drawn cooperation from a wide range of water agencies in Melbourne and industry partners. He collaborates with leading national and international universities in much of his research. He enjoys the sense of being part of a much larger effort to better understand Australia’s aquatic systems, especially those in urbanised areas.
urban stormwater management, pathogens, the urban environment, uncertainty in water system modelling
Deletic, A., Dotto, C.B.S., McCarthy, D.T., Kleidorfer, M., Freni, G., Mannina, G., Uhl, M., Henrichs, M., Fletcher, T., Rauch, W., Bertrand-Krajewski, J., Tait, S., 2012, Assessing uncertainties in urban drainage models, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth [P], vol 42-44, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 3-10.
Feng, W., Hatt, B.E., McCarthy, D.T., Fletcher, T., Deletic, A., 2012, Biofilters for stormwater harvesting: understanding the treatment performance of key metals that pose a risk for water use, Environmental Science & Technology [P], vol 46, issue 9, American Chemical Society, Washington DC USA, pp. 5100-5108.
Dotto, C.B.S., Mannina, G., Kleidorfer, M., Vezzaro, L., Henrichs, M., McCarthy, D.T., Freni, G., Rauch, W., Deletic, A., 2012, Comparison of different uncertainty techniques in urban stormwater quantity and quality modelling, Water Research [P], vol 46, issue 8, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 2545-2558.
Chandrasena, K.K.G., Deletic, A., Ellerton, J.P., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Evaluating Escherichia coli removal performance in stormwater biofilters: a laboratory-scale study, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 66, issue 5, IWA Publishing, UK, pp. 1132-1138.
McCarthy, D.T., Hathaway, J.M., Hunt, W.F., Deletic, A., 2012, Intra-event variability of Escherichia coli and total suspended solids in urban stormwater runoff, Water Research [E], vol 46, issue 20, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 6661-6670.
Bratieres, K., Schang, C.M., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Performance of enviss (TM) stormwater filters: results of a laboratory trial, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 66, issue 4, IWA Publishing, London UK, pp. 719-727.
Li, Y., Deletic, A., Alcazar, L., Bratieres, K., Fletcher, T., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Removal of Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and F-RNA coliphages by stormwater biofilters, Ecological Engineering [P], vol 49, Elsevier, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 137-145.
Guest, R.M., Schang, C.M., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Zinc-sulphate-heptahydrate coated activated carbon for microbe removal from stormwater, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 66, issue 7, IWA Publishing, UK, pp. 1582-1589.
Brum Siqueira Dotto, C., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D., Fletcher, T., 2011, Calibration and sensitivity analysis of urban drainage models: MUSIC rainfall/runoff module and a simple stormwater quality model, Australian Journal of Water Resources [P], vol 15, issue 1, Institute of Engineers Australia, Barton ACT Australia, pp. 85-94.
McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., Mitchell, V., Diaper, C., 2011, Development and testing of a model for micro-organism prediction in urban stormwater (MOPUS), Journal of Hydrology [P], vol 409, issue 1-2, Elsevier Science BV, Amsterdam Netherlands, pp. 236-247.
Dotto, C., Kleidorfer, M., Deletic, A., Rauch, W., McCarthy, D., Fletcher, T., 2011, Performance and sensitivity analysis of stormwater models using a Bayesian approach and long-term high resolution data, Environmental Modelling and Software [P], vol 26, issue 10, Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford UK, pp. 1225-1239.
Bach, P., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., 2010, Redefining the stormwater first flush phenomenon, Water Research [P], vol 44, issue 8, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Kidlington Oxford England, pp. 2487-2498.
McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., Mitchelle, V., Diaper, C., 2010, Sensitivity analysis of an urban stormwater microorganism model, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 62, issue 6, IWA Publishing, London England, pp. 1393-1400.
Dotto, C., Kleidorfer, M., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T., McCarthy, D., 2010, Stormwater quality models: performance and sensitivity analysis, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 62, issue 4, IWA publishing, London England, pp. 837-843.
Bach, P., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., 2010, The development of a novel approach for assessment of the first flush in urban stormwater discharges, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 61, issue 10, IWA Publishing, London UK, pp. 2681-2688.
McCarthy, D.T., 2009, A traditional first flush assessment of E. coli in urban stormwater runoff, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 60, issue 11, IWA Publishing, London UK, pp. 2749-2757.
McCarthy, D.T., Deletic, A., Mitchell, V.G., Fletcher, T.D., Diaper, C., 2008, Uncertainties in stormwater E. Coli levels, Water Research, vol 42, issue 6-7, Elsevier, UK, pp. 1812-1824.
Mitchell, V.G., McCarthy, D.T., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T.D., 2008, Urban stormwater harvesting - sensitivity of a storage behaviour model, Environmental Modelling and Software, vol 23, issue 6, Elsevier, UK, pp. 782-793.
Mitchell, V.G., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T.D., Hatt, B.E., McCarthy, D.T., 2007, Achieving multiple benefits from stormwater harvesting, Water Science and Technology, vol 55, issue 4, IWA Publishing, UK, pp. 135-144.
McCarthy, D.T., Mitchell, V.G., Deletic, A., Diaper, C., 2007, Escherichia coli in urban stormwater: Explaining their variability, Water Science and Technology, vol 56, issue 11, IWA Publishing, UK, pp. 27-34.
Chandrasena, K.K.G., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, A preliminary model on E. coli removal in stormwater biofilters, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012, 4 September 2012 to 6 September 2012, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia, pp. 1-12.
Bach, P.M., McCarthy, D.T., Urich, C., Robert, S., Kleidorfer, M., Rauch, W., Deletic, A., 2012, DAnCE4Water's BPM: A planning algorithm for decentralised water management options, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012, 4 September 2012 to 6 September 2012, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia, pp. 1-10.
Urich, C., Sitzenfrei, R., Kleidorfer, M., Bach, P.M., McCarthy, D.T., Deletic, A., Rauch, W., 2012, Evolution of urban drainage networks in DAnCE4Water, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012, 4 September 2012 to 6 September 2012, Faculty of Engineering University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia, pp. 1-10.
Kandra, H.S., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Impact of filter design variables on clogging in stormwater filters, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 21 February 2012 to 23 February 2012, Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-8.
Kleidorfer, M., Chen, S., Dotto, C.B.S., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Impact of objective function choice on model parameter sensitivity, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012, 4 September 2012 to 6 September 2012, Faculty of Engineering University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia, pp. 1-10.
Zhang, K., Filip, S., Chandrasena, K.K.G., McCarthy, D.T., Daly, E., Pham, T., Kolotelo, P.A., Deletic, A., 2012, Micro-pollutant removal in stormwater biofilters: a preliminary understanding from 3 challenge tests, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 21 February 2012 to 23 February 2012, Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-8.
Rauch, W., Bach, P.M., Brown, R.R., Deletic, A., Ferguson, B.C., de Haan, F.J., McCarthy, D.T., Kleidorfer, M., Tapper, N.J., Sitzenfrei, R., Urich, C., 2012, Modelling transitions in urban drainage management, Proceedings of the Ninth Intertnational Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012, 4 September 2012 to 6 September 2012, Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia, pp. 1-2.
Chandrasena, K.K.G., Filip, S., Zhang, K., Osborne, C., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Pathogen and indicator microorganism removal in field scale stormwater biofilters, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 21 February 2012 to 23 February 2012, Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-9.
Lampard, J., Chapman, H., Stratton, H., Roiko, A.T., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Pathogenic bacteria in urban stormwater drains from inner-city precincts, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 21 February 2012 to 23 February 2012, Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-8.
Li, Y., McCarthy, D.T., Deletic, A., 2012, Removal and inactivation of E. coli from water using copper modified natural zeolite, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 21 February 2012 to 23 February 2012, Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-8.
Schang, C.M., Osborne, C., Deletic, A., Cook, P., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Survival of pathogenic and faecal indicator bacteria in the bed and bank sediments of the Yarra River estuary, Australia, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 21 February 2012 to 23 February 2012, Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 1-8.
Vezzaro, L., Mikkelsen, P.S., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Urban drainage models - making uncertainty analysis simple, Proceedings of the Ninth Intertnational Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012, 4 September 2012 to 6 September 2012, Faculty of Engineering University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia, pp. 1-10.
Dotto, C.B.S., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D.T., 2012, Urban drainage uncertainty analysis: should we break our back for normally distributed residuals?, Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling Belgrade 2012, 4 September 2012 to 6 September 2012, Faculty of Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade Serbia, pp. 1-13.
Kandra, H., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T., 2010, Assessment of clogging phenomena in granular filter media used for stormwater treatment, 7th International Conference on Sustainable Techniques and Strategies in Urban Water Management, 27 June 2010 to 1 July 2010, GRAIE (Groupe de Recherche Rhone-Alpes sur les Infrastructures et l'Eau), Villeurbanne, France, pp. 1-10.
Poelsma, P., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., 2010, Changes in the filtration rate of a novel stormwater harvesting system: impacts of clogging and moisture content, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Sustainable Techniques and Strategies in Urban Water Management, 27 June 2010 to 1 July 2010, GRAIE (Groupe de Recherche Rhone-Alpes sur les Infrastructures et l'Eau), Villeurbanne France, pp. 1-9.
Schang, C., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T., 2010, Development of the enviss TM filtration media, Proceedings of 7th International Conf. on Sustainable Techniques and Strategies in Urban Water Management, 27 June 2010 to 1 July 2010, GRAIE (Groupe de Recherche Rhone-Alpes sur les Infrastructures et l'Eau), Villeurbanne, France, pp. 1-10.
Dotto, C., Kleidorfer, M., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., Rauch, W., Fletcher, T., 2010, Global assessment of modelling errors, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Sewer Processes and Networks, 7 November 2010 to 10 November 2010, Specialist Conferences, International Water Association, Brisbane, Qld, pp. 1-11.
Kleidorfer, M., Leonhardt, G., Mair, M., McCarthy, D.T., Kinzel, H., Rauch, W., 2009, CALIMERO - A model independent and generalised tool for autocalibration, Proceedings of the 8th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage Modelling (8UDM) and 2nd Int. Conf. on Rainwater Harvesting and Management, 7 September 2009 to 11 September 2009, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan, pp. 1-9.
Bach, P.M., McCarthy, D.T., Deletic, A., 2009, Debugging the myth behind the First Flush Phenomenon, Proceedings of the 8th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage Modelling (8UDM) and 2nd Int. Conf. on Rainwater Harvesting and Management, 7 September 2009 to 11 September 2009, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan, pp. 1-8.
Poelsma, P., Deletic, A., Schang, C.M., McCarthy, D.T., Fletcher, T.D., 2009, Development of a new stormwater collection and treatment unit, Towards water sensitive cities and citizens - Proceedings of the 6th Int. Water Sensitive Urban Design Conference and Hydropolis #3, 5 May 2009 to 8 May 2009, Australian Water Association, Perth WA Australia, pp. 745-751.
McCarthy, D.T., Lewis, J., Bratieres, K., 2009, Effective monitoring and assessment of contaminants impacting the mid to lower Yarra catchments - Temporal scale assessment, Towards water sensitive cities and citizens - Proceedings of the 6th Int. Water Sensitive Urban Design Conference (WSUD09) and Hydropolis #3, 5 May 2009 to 8 May 2009, Australian Water Association, Perth WA Australia, pp. 432-440.
Dotto, C.B.S., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T.D., McCarthy, D.T., 2009, Parameter sensitivity analysis of stormwater models, Towards Water Sensitive Cities and Citizens - Proceedings of the 6th Int. Water Sensitive Urban Design Conference and Hydropolis #3, 5 May 2009 to 8 May 2009, Australian Water Association, Perth WA Australia, pp. 745-751.
McCarthy, D.T., Deletic, A., Mitchell, V.G., Diaper, C., 2009, Sensitivity analysis of an urban stormwater microorganism model, Proceedings of the 8th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage Modelling (8UDM) and 2nd Int. Conf. on Rainwater Harvesting and Management, 7 September 2009 to 11 September 2009, University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan, pp. 1-8.
Dotto, C.B.S., Kleidorfer, M., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T., McCarthy, D.T., Rauch, W., 2009, Stormwater quality models: Performance and sensitivity analysis, Proceedings of the 8th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage Modelling (8UDM) and 2nd Int. Conf. on Rainwater Harvesting and Management, 7 September 2009 to 11 September 2009, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo Japan, pp. 1-8.
McCarthy, D.T., 2008, A traditional first flush assessment of E. coli in urban stormwater runoff, Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage (11ICUD), 31/08/2008 to 5/09/2008, IAHR/IWA, UK, pp. 1-9.
McCarthy, D.T., Mitchell, V.G., Deletic, A., Diaper, C., 2008, Development and testing of an urban stormwater microorganism indicator model, Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf. on Urban Drainage (11ICUD), 31/08/2008 t0o 5/09/2008, IAHR/IWA, UK, pp. 1-10.
Bratieres, K., Fletcher, T.D., Deletic, A., Alcazar, L., Le Coustumer, S.M., McCarthy, D.T., 2008, Removal of nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens by stormwater biofilters, Proceedings of the 11th Int. Conf on Urban Drainage (11ICUD), 31/08/2008 to 5/09/2008, IAHR/IWA, UK, pp. 1-10.
McCarthy, D.T., Mitchell, V.G., Deletic, A., Diaper, C., 2007, Urban stormwater Escherichia coli levels: factors that influence them, Proceedings of the 6th Int. Conf. on sustainable techniques and strategies in urban water management - NOVATECH 2007, 25/06/2007 to 28/06/2007, GRAIE (Groupement de Recherche Rhone-Alpes sur les Infrastructures et l'Eau), Villeurbanne France, pp. 1657-1664.
Mitchell, V.G., Deletic, A., Fletcher, T.D., Hatt, B.E., McCarthy, D.T., 2006, Achieving multiple benefits from stormwater harvesting, Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling and the 4th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 3 April 2006 to 7 April 2006, Institute for Sustainable Water Resources, Monash University, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 387-394.
McCarthy, D.T., Mitchell, V.G., Deletic, A., Diaper, C., 2006, Escherichia coli levels in urban stormwater, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling and the 4th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design, 3 April 2006 to 7 April 2006, Institute for Sustainable Water Resources, Monash University, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 347-354.
Mitchell, G.V., McCarthy, D.T., Fletcher, T., Deletic, A., 2005, Optimising storage capacity for stormwater utilisation, Proceedings of 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage, 21 August2005 to 26 August 2005, University of Denmark and Aalborg University, Copenhagen Denmark, pp. 1-8.
Bach, P., Urich, C., McCarthy, D., Robert, S., Kleidorfer, M., Rauch, W., Deletic, A., 2011, Characterising a city for integrated performance assessment of water infrastructure in the DAnCE4Water model, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
Guest, R., Schang, C., Deletic, A., McCarthy, D., 2011, Development of novel activated carbon filter media for pathogen removal from stormwater, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
Urich, C., Bach, P., Hellbach, C., Robert, S., Kleidorfer, M., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., Rauch, W., 2011, Dynamics of cities and water infrastructure in the DAnCE4Water model, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
Schang, C., McCarthy, D., Bratieres, K., Deletic, A., 2011, Expected performances and lifespan of the envissTM stormwater treatment technologies: results of a breakthrough analysis, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
Kandra, H., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., 2011, Investigation of biological clogging in stormwater filters, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
Bratieres, K., McCarthy, D., Schang, C., Deletic, A., 2011, Performance of the envissTM filtration media: Laboratory trial, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
Chandrasena, K., Deletic, A., Ellerton, J., McCarthy, D., 2011, Removal of Escherichia coli in stormwater biofilters, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
Li, Y., McCarthy, D., Deletic, A., 2011, Treatment of pathogens in stormwater by antimicrobial-modified filter media, Proceedings of 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Acqua Consultoria, Brazil.
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