Prof Gail Risbridger - Researcher Profile

Biography

Professor Gail Risbridger is an NH&MRC Research Fellow and a career academic and researcher who has > 20 years experience in Prostate Cancer research and Men’s Health.  A graduate of Monash University, she worked in the Departments of Anatomy and in Physiology before becoming a founding member of the Monash Institute of Medical Research (MIMR). She returned to campus in 2009 as Deputy Dean Strategic Projects, to lead the developments of Monash Comprehensive Cancer Consortium (MCCC) and Monash Partners Academic Health Science Centre. She is the Research Director of MCCC and Chair, Faculty Research Centres & Institutes Committee. 

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Research & Supervision Interests

Unlike many cancers, prostate cancer develops over decades, but when it spreads beyond the gland to other parts of the body, & no longer responds to the usual hormone therapies, there are very limited treatment options for the patients. "That is where our research is focused; we are trying to develop something for men who have end-stage disease.” Androgen-deprivation therapy is used to treat prostate cancer that has spread. It is effectively castration by drugs, depriving the body of the hormones that fuel tumour growth. Although it’s effective, some cells always remain. "In some patients, they eventually regrow & they are lethal,” Gail says. Those are the cells she wants to target. In the past, oestrogen therapy came with dreadful side effects but Gail sees great promise in the carefully designed hormones it is now possible to make. “We have just found a way that oestrogens might be used to effectively target those cells, working differently to the old therapies, without the bad side effects.” With the collaboration of urologists, oncologists and other clinicians, the discovery is being tested on human tissue specimens. Work on benign disease is just as important because it affects so many men. Although current drugs can be effective, many men have surgery.“There is an irony in the focus on prostate cancer, because most men, if they live long enough, will develop benign disease and yet relatively less research dollars and time are devoted to this aspect of prostate health, and we could do much better.” In both diseases, for example, stopping regeneration is important: in benign disease to prevent enlargement of the prostate, & in cancer to prevent growth of tumour cells. “In both of those instances, we think that oestrogens can be useful,” Gail says. Although she notes that many myths exist about the complementary (or herbal) medicines often taken for benign disease, some have components that function like oestrogens. More knowledge of the mechanisms involved could lead to better, more potent drugs. “There will come a time when we have to marry what we’re doing with new drugs & what is known in traditional medicine to be effective,” “Can what we do give some validity to using these complementary medicines? "That's a tough question but we've thought a lot about it." Prostate disease predominantly affects older men, but work on it is very much a forward-looking enterprise and Gail puts much emphasis on the need to train the next generation of experts. "This is not a disease that's going to be cured overnight." "We need a workforce of scientists & clinicians to continue the research."

 

 

 

 

 

Keywords

Cancer, Cancer Biology, Cancer/Carcinogenesis, Prostate, Prostate cancer, Prostate stem cell, activin; differentiation; inhibin; leydig cells; tumors, cancer; stromal cells; experimental models; immune-deficient models, endocrinology prostate estrogen action

Qualifications

REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY

Institution: Monash University

Year awarded: 1980

Publications

Books

Risbridger, G.P., Drummond, A.E., Wlodek, M.E. (eds), 2005, Reproduction, development, and the early origins of adult disease, Springer-Verlag, New York USA.

Book Chapters

Niranjan, B., Lawrence, M.G., Papargiris, M., Richards, M.G., Hussain, S., Frydenberg, M., Pedersen, J.S., Taylor, R.A., Risbridger, G.P., 2013, Primary culture and propagation of human prostate epithelial cells, in Methods in Molecular Biology - Epithelial Cell Culture Protocols V945, eds SH Randell and ML Fulcher, Humana Press, USA, pp. 365-382.

Risbridger, G.P., Hayward, S.W., Clark, P.E., Frydenberg, M., Appu, S., 2010, Endocrinology of the prostate, in Endocrinology, 2-Volume Set, eds JL Jameson and LJ De Groot, Saunders, USA, pp. 143-1-143-18.

Risbridger, G.P., Butler, C.M., 2008, Activins and inhibis in cancer progression, in Transforming Growth Factor-Beta in Cancer Therapy, Volume 1, eds Sonia B. Jakowlew, Humana Press, USA, pp. 411-425.

Risbridger, G.P., Butler, C.M., 2007, Activins and leydig cell development, differentiation, and disease, in The Leydig Cell in Health and Disease, eds Anita H. Payne, PhD & Matthew P. Hardy, PhD, Humana Press, USA, pp. 323-331.

Cowin, P.A., Foster, P.M.D., Risbridger, G.P., 2007, Endocrine disruption in the male, in Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: from basic research to clinical practice, eds Andrea C. Gore, PhD, Humana Press, USA, pp. 33-62.

Mcpherson, S.J., Ellem, S.J., Patchev, V., Fritzemeier, K., Risbridger, G.P., 2007, The Role of ER-Alpha and ER-Beta in the prostate: insights from genetic models and isoform-selective ligands, in Tissue-Specific Estrogen Action Novel Mechanisms, Novel Ligands, Novel Therapies?, eds K. S. Korach & T. Wintermantel, Springer, Germany, pp. 131-147.

Risbridger, G.P., Frydenberg, M., 2006, Endocrinology of Prostate Cancer, in Endocrinology, eds Leslie J. DeGroot, J.Larry Jameson,David de Kretser, Ashley B.Grossman,J ohn C. Marshall, Shlomo Melmed, John T PottsGordon C.Weir, Elsevier, Philadelphia USA, pp. 3325-3337.

Risbridger, G.P., Taylor, R.A., 2006, Physiology of the male accessory sex structures: the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands, in Knobil and Neill's Physiology of Reproduction, eds Jimmy D O'Neill, Tony M Plant, Donald W Pfaff, John RG Challis, David M de Kretser, JoAnne S Richards, Paul M Wassarman, Elsevier, St Louis Missouri USA, pp. 1149-1172.

Risbridger, G.P., 2003, Activins, in Encyclopedia of Hormones, Volume 1, eds Helen L Henry, Anthony W Norman, Academic Press, San Diego USA, pp. 23-29.

Journal Articles

Henderson, L.C., Altimari, J.M., Dyson, G., Servinis, L., Niranjan, B., Risbridger, G.P., 2012, A comparative assessment of alpha-lipoic acid N-phenylamides as non-steroidal androgen receptor antagonists both on and off gold nanoparticles, Bioorganic Chemistry [P], vol 40, issue 1, Academic Press, USA, pp. 1-5.

Teoh, S.S., Wang, H., Risbridger, G.P., Whisstock, J.C., Bird, P.I., 2012, A versatile monoclonal antibody specific to human SERPINB5, Hybridoma [E], vol 31, issue 5, Mary Ann Liebert Inc. Publishers, USA, pp. 333-339.

Gold, E., Marino, F.E., Harrison, C., Makanji, Y., Risbridger, G.P., 2012, Activin-betac reduces reproductive tumour progression and abolishes cancer-associated cachexia in inhibin deficient mice, Journal Of Pathology [P], vol 229, issue 4, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, UK, pp. 599-607.

Gold, E., Risbridger, G.P., 2012, Activins and activin antagonists in the prostate and prostate cancer, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology [P], vol 359, issue 1-2, Elsevier Ireland Ltd, Ireland, pp. 107-112.

Toivanen, R., Taylor, R.A., Pook, D.W., Ellem, S.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2012, Breaking through a roadblock in prostate cancer research: An update on human model systems, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [P], vol 131, issue 3-5, Pergamon, UK, pp. 122-131.

Hussain, S., Lawrence, M.G., Taylor, R.A., Lo, C.Y., APC BioResource, Frydenberg, M., Ellem, S.J., Furic, L., Risbridger, G.P., 2012, Estrogen Receptor beta Activation Impairs Prostatic Regeneration by Inducing Apoptosis in Murine and Human Stem/Progenitor Enriched Cell Populations, PLoS ONE [P], vol 7, issue 7, Public Library of Science, USA, pp. e40732-1-e40732-9.

Centenera, M.M., Gillis, J.L., Hanson, A., Jindal, S., Taylor, R., Risbridger, G.P., Sutherland, P.D., Scher, H.I., Raj, G.V., Knudsen, K.E., Yeadon, T., Tilley, W.D., Butler, L.M., 2012, Evidence for efficacy of new Hsp90 inhibitors revealed by ex vivo culture of human prostate tumors, Clinical Cancer Research [P], vol 18, issue 13, American Association for Cancer Research, USA, pp. 3561-3570.

Qiao, L., Rodriguez Jr., E., Weiss, D.A., Ferretti, M., Risbridger, G.P., Cunha, G.R., Baskin, L.S., 2012, Expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta is decreased in hypospadias, Journal Of Urology [P], vol 187, issue 4, Elsevier Inc, USA, pp. 1427-1433.

Taylor, R.A., Toivanen, R., Frydenberg, M., Pedersen, J.S., Harewood, L., Australian Prostate Cancer Bio, Collins, A.T., Maitland, N.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2012, Human Epithelial Basal Cells Are Cells of Origin of Prostate Cancer, Independent of CD133 Status, Stem Cells [P], vol 30, issue 6, AlphaMed Press Inc, USA, pp. 1087-1096.

Weiss, D.A., Rodriguez Jr., E., Cunha, T.J., Menshenina, J., Barcellos, D., Chan, L., Risbridger, G.P., Baskin, L.S., Cunha, G.R., 2012, Morphology of the external genitalia of the adult male and female mice as an endpoint of sex differentiation, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology [P], vol 354, issue 1-2, Elsevier Ireland Ltd, Ireland, pp. 94-102.

Rodriguez Jr, E., Weiss, D.A., Ferretti, M., Wang, H., Menshenia, J., Risbridger, G.P., Handelsman, D.J., Cunha, G.R., Baskin, L.S., 2012, Specific morphogenetic events in mouse external genitalia sex differentiation are responsive/dependent upon androgens and/or estrogens, Differentiation [P], vol 84, issue 3, Elsevier Ltd, UK, pp. 269-279.

Toivanen, R., Berman, D., Wang, H., Pedersen, J., Frydenberg, M., Meeker, A., Ellem, S., Risbridger, G., Taylor, R., 2011, Brief report: A bioassay to identify primary human prostate cancer repopulating cells, Stem Cells [P], vol 29, issue 8, Wiley-Blackwell, USA, pp. 1310-1314.

Rodriguez Jr., E., Weiss, D.A., Yang, J.H., Menshenina, J., Ferretti, M., Cunha, T.J., Barcellos, D., Chan, L., Risbridger, G.P., Cunha, G.R., Baskin, L.S., 2011, New insights on the morphology of adult mouse penis, Biology Of Reproduction [P], vol 85, issue 6, Society for the Study of Reproduction, USA, pp. 1216-1221.

Risbridger, G.P., Taylor, R.A., 2011, The complexities of identifying a cell of origin for human prostate cancer, Asian Journal of Andrology [P], vol 13, issue 1, Nature Publishing Group, USA & China, pp. 118-119.

Ellem, S.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2010, Aromatase and regulating the estrogen: Androgen ratio in the prostate gland, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [P], vol 118, issue 4-5, Pergamon, United Kingdom, pp. 246-251.

Risbridger, G.P., Davis, I.D., Birrell, S.N., Tilley, W.D., 2010, Breast and prostate cancer: more similar than different, Nature Reviews Cancer [P], vol 10, issue 3, Nature Publishing Group, UK, pp. 205-212.

Ricciardelli, C., Bianco-Miotto, T., Jindal, S., Dodd, T.J., Cohen, P.A., Marshall, V.R., Sutherland, P.D., Samaratunga, H., Kench, J.G., Dong, Y., Wang, H., Clements, J.A., Risbridger, G.P., Sutherland, R.L., Tilley, W., Horsfall, D.J., 2010, Comparative biomarker expression and RNA integrity in biospecimens derived from radical retropubic and robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomies, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention [P], vol 19, issue 7, American Association for Cancer Research, USA, pp. 1755-1765.

McPherson, S.J., Hussain, S., Balanathan, P., Hedwards, S.L., Niranjan, B., Grant, M., Chandrasiri, U.P., Toivanen, R., Wang, Y., Taylor, R.A., Risbridger, G.P., 2010, Estrogen receptor-beta activated apoptosis in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate is androgen independent and TNFalpha mediated, Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences O..., vol 107, issue 7, National Academy of Sciences, USA, pp. 3123-3128.

Bianco-Miotto, T., Chiam, K., Buchanan, G., Jindal, S., Day, T.K., Thomas, M., Pickering, M.A., O'loughlin, M.A., Ryan, N.K., Raymond, W.A., Horvath, L.G., Kench, J.G., Stricker, P.D., Marshall, V.R., Sutherland, R.L., Henshall, S.M., Gerald (Dec), W.L., Scher, H.I., Risbridger, G.P., Clements, J.A., Butler, L.M., Tilley, W.D., Horsfall, D.J., Ricciardelli, C., 2010, Global levels of specific histone modifications and an epigenetic gene signature predict prostate cancer progression and development, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention [P], vol 19, issue 10, American Association for Cancer Research, USA, pp. 2611-2622.

Bajpai, A., Simm, P.J., McPherson, S.J., Russo, V.C., Azar, W.J., Wark, J.D., Risbridger, G.P., Werther, G.A., 2010, Peripubertal aromatase inhibition in male rats has adverse long-term effects on bone strength and growth and induces prostatic hyperplasia, Journal of Endocrinology [P], vol 207, issue 1, BioScientifica Ltd, UK, pp. 27-34.

Yao, M., Taylor, R.A., Richards, M.G., Sved, P., Wong, J., Eisinger, D., Xie, C., Salomon, R., Risbridger, G.P., Dong, Q., 2010, Prostate-regenerating capacity of cultured human adult prostate epithelial cells, Cells Tissues Organs [P], vol 191, issue 3, S. Karger AG, Switzerland, pp. 203-212.

Taylor, R.A., Toivanen, R., Risbridger, G.P., 2010, Stem cells in prostate cancer: Treating the root of the problem, Endocrine-Related Cancer [P], vol 17, issue 4, BioScientifica Ltd, UK, pp. R273-R285.

Cowin, P., Gold, E., Aleksova, J., O'Bryan, M., Foster, P., Scott, H., Risbridger, G., 2010, Vinclozolin exposure in utero induces postpubertal prostatitis and reduces sperm production via a reversible hormone-regulated mechanism, Endocrinology [P], vol 151, issue 2, The Endocrine Society, United States, pp. 783-792.

Gold, E.J., Jetly, N., O'Bryan, M.K., Meachem, S.J., Srinivasan, D., Behuria, S., Sanchez-Partida, L.G., Woodruff, T.K., Hedwards, S.L., Wang, H., McDougall, H., Casey, V., Niranjan, B., Patella, S., Risbridger, G.P., 2009, Activin C antagonizes activin A in vitro and overexpression leads to pathologies in vivo, The American Journal of Pathology, vol 174, issue 1, American Society for Investigative Pathology, USA, pp. 184-195.

Balanathan, P., Williams, E., Wang, H., Pedersen, J.S., Horvath, L.G., Achen, M.G., Stacker, S.A., Risbridger, G.P., 2009, Elevated level of inhibin-alpha subunit is pro-tumourigenic and pro-metastatic and associated with extracapsular spread in advanced prostate cancer, British Journal Of Cancer [P], vol 100, issue 11, Nature Publishing Group, England, pp. 1784-1793.

Ellem, S.J., Wang, H., Poutanen, M., Risbridger, G.P., 2009, Increased endogenous estrogen synthesis leads to the sequential induction of prostatic inflammation (prostatitis) and prostatic pre-malignancy, American Journal Of Pathology [P], vol 175, issue 3, American Society for Investigative Pathology, United States, pp. 1187-1199.

Haylor, J.L., Parker, E., Risbridger, G.P., Beale, D., Brown, B.L., Dobson, P.R.M., Clarke, I.J., Hart, J.E., 2009, Inhibition of compensatory renal growth by the N-terminus of a sheep-derived peptide, Regulatory Peptides [P], vol 152, issue 1-3, Elsevier Science BV, The Netherlands, pp. 48-53.

Taylor, R.A., Wang, H., Wilkinson, S., Richards, M.G., Britt, K.L., Vaillant, F., Lindeman, G.J., Visvader, J.E., Cunha, G.R., St John, J.C., Risbridger, G.P., 2009, Lineage enforcement by inductive mesenchyme on adult epithelial stem cells across developmental germ layers, Stem Cells [P], vol 27, issue 12, Aplhamed Press, USA, pp. 3032-3042.

Cowin, P.A., Foster, P.M.D., Pedersen, J., Hedwards, S.L., Mcpherson, S.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2008, Early-onset endocrine disruptor-induced prostatitis in the rat, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 116, issue 7, UD Dept Health Human Sciences Public Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, pp. 923-929.

Mcpherson, S.J., Ellem, S.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2008, Estrogen-regulated development and differentiation of the prostate, Differentiation, vol 76, issue 6, Elsevier Ltd., UK, USA, pp. 660-670.

Ilic, D., Egberts, K.J., McKenzie, J.E., Risbridger, G.P., Green, S.E., 2008, Informing men about prostate cancer screening: A randomized controlled trial of patient education materials, Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol 23, issue 4, Springer New York LLC, USA, pp. 466-471.

Risbridger, G.P., Taylor, R.A., 2008, Minireview: Regulation of prostatic stem cells by stromal niche in health and disease, Endocrinology, vol 149, issue 9, The Endocrine Society, USA, pp. 4303-4306.

Hung, T., Wang, H., Kingsley, E.A., Risbridger, G.P., Russell, P.J., 2008, Molecular profiling of bladder cancer: Involvement of the TGF-beta pathway in bladder cancer progression, Cancer Letters, vol 265, issue 1, Elsevier Ireland Ltd, Ireland, pp. 27-38.

Ricke, W.A., Mcpherson, S.J., Bianco, J.J., Cunha, G.R., Wang, Y., Risbridger, G.P., 2008, Prostatic hormonal carcinogenesis is mediated by in situ estrogen production and estrogen receptor alpha signaling, The FASEB Journal, vol 22, Federation American Society for Experimental Biology, USA, pp. 1512-1520.

Taylor, R.A., Risbridger, G.P., 2008, Prostatic tumor stroma: A key player in cancer progression, Current Cancer Drug Targets, vol 8, issue 6, Bentham Science Publishers Ltd., Netherlands, pp. 490-497.

Taylor, R.A., Risbridger, G.P., 2008, The path toward identifying prostatic stem cells, Differentiation, vol 76, issue 6, Elsevier Ltd., UK, USA, pp. 671-681.

Mcpherson, S.J., Ellem, S.J., Simpson, E., Patchev, V., Fritzemeier, K., Risbridger, G.P., 2007, Essential role for estrogen receptor beta in stromal-epithelial regulation of prostatic hyperplasia, Endocrinology, vol 148, issue 2, Endocrine Society, USA, pp. 566-574.

Risbridger, G.P., Ellem, S.J., Mcpherson, S.J., 2007, Estrogen action on the prostate gland: A critical mix of endocrine and paracrine signaling, Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol 39, issue 3, Society for Endocrinology, UK, pp. 183-188.

Ellem, S.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2007, Treating prostate cancer: A rationale for targeting local oestrogens, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol 7, issue 8, Nature Publishing Group, UK, pp. 621-627.

Taylor, R.A., Cowin, P.A., Couse, J.F., Korach, K.S., Risbridger, G.P., 2006, 17beta-Estradiol induces apoptosis in the developing rodent prostate independently of ERalpha or ERbeta, Endocrinology, vol 147, issue 1, Endocrine Society, Chevy Chase MD USA, pp. 191-200.

Ellem, S.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2006, Aromatase and prostate cancer, Minerva Endocrinologica, vol 31, issue 1, Edizioni Minerva Medica, Italy, pp. 1-12.

Taylor, R.A., Cowin, P., Cunha, G.R., Pera, M.F., Trounson, A.O., Pedersen, J.S., Risbridger, G.P., 2006, Formation of human prostate tissue from embryonic stem cells., Nature Methods, vol 3, issue 3, Nature Publishing Group, London England, pp. 179-181.

Bianco, J.J., Mcpherson, S.J., Wang, H., Prins, G.S., Risbridger, G.P., 2006, Transient neonatal estrogen exposure to estrogen-deficient mice (Aromatase knockout) reduces prostate weight and induces inflammation in late life, American Journal of Pathology, vol 168, issue 6, Amer Soc Investigative Pathology, Inc., Bethesda MD, pp. 1869-1878.

Gold, E.J., Zhang, X., Wheatley, A.M., Mellor, S.L., Cranfield, M., Risbridger, G.P., Groome, N.P., Fleming, J.S., 2005, BetaA- and betaC-activin, follistatin, activin receptor mRNA and betaC-activin peptide expression during rat liver regeneration, Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol 34, issue 2, Society of Endocrinology, Bristol England, pp. 505-515.

Almahbobi, G., Hedwards, S.L., Fricout, G., Jeulin, D., Bertram, J.F., Risbridger, G.P., 2005, Computer-based detection of neonatal changes to branching morphogenesis reveals different mechanisms of and predicts prostate enlargement in mice haplo-insufficient for bone morphogenetic protein 4, Journal of Pathology, vol 206, issue 1, Jon Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester England, pp. 52-61.

Risbridger, G.P., Balanathan, P., Mellor, S.L., Pedersen, J.S., Frydenberg, M., 2005, Inhibin-alpha in prostate cancer: tumour suppressor and pro-metastatic factor, BJU International, vol 95, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford England, p. 16.

Ilic, D., Risbridger, G.P., Green, S., 2005, The informed man: Attitudes and information needs on prostate cancer screening, The Journal of Men's Health and Gender, vol 2, issue 4, Elsevier, The Netherlands, pp. 414-420.

Ball, E.M., Mellor, S.L., Risbridger, G.P., 2004, Cancer progression: Is inhibin from Venus or Mars?, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol 15, issue 5, Elsevier Scientific Ltd, UK, pp. 291-296.

Gold, E.J., O'Bryan, M.K., Mellor, S.L., Cranfield, M., Risbridger, G.P., Groome, N.P., Fleming, J.S., 2004, Cell-specific expression of in the rat reproductive tract, adrenal and liver, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol 222, Elsevier Science, Ireland, pp. 61-69.

Risbridger, G.P., Shibata, A., Ferguson, K.L., Stamey, T.A., McNeal, J.E., Peehl, D.M., 2004, Elevated expression of inhibin in prostate cancer, The Journal of Urology, vol 171, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, USA, pp. 192-196.

Balanathan, P., Ball, E.M., Wang, H., Harris, S.E., Shelling, A.N., Risbridger, G.P., 2004, Epigenetic regulation of inhibin -subunit gene in prostate cancer cell lines, The Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol 32, issue 1, Society for Endocrinology, UK, pp. 55-67.

Cunha, G.R., Ricke, W.A., Thomson, A., Marker, P.C., Risbridger, G.P., Hayward, S.W., Wang, Y.Z., Donjacour, A.A., Kurita, T., 2004, Hormonal, cellular, and molecular regulation of normal and neoplastic prostatic development, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biolog..., vol 92, issue 4, Pergamon, UK, pp. 221-236.

Ellem, S.J., Schmidt, J.F., Pedersen, J.S., Frydenberg, M., Risbridger, G.P., 2004, Local Aromatase Expression in Human Prostate is altered in Malignancy, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol 89, issue 5, Endocrine Society, USA, pp. 2434-2441.

Risbridger, G.P., Ball, E.M., Wang, H., Mellor, S.L., Peehl, D.M., 2004, Re-evaluation of inhibin subunit as a tumour suppressor in prostate cancer, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol 225, Elsevier Science Inc, USA, pp. 73-76.

Ilic, D., Risbridger, G.P., Green, S., 2004, Searching the Internet for Information on Prostate Cancer Screening: an Assessment of Quality, Urology, vol 64, issue 1, Elsevier Science Inc, USA, pp. 112-116.

Mellor, S.L., Ball, E.M.A., O'Connor, A.E., Ethier, J., Cranfield, M., Schmitt, J.F., Phillips, D.J., Groome, N.P., Risbridger, G.P., 2003, Activin beta c-subunit heterodimers provide a new mechanism of regulating activin levels in the prostate, Endocrinology, vol 144, issue 10, The Endocrine Society, Bethesda USA, pp. 4410-4419.

Jarred, R.A., Mcpherson, S.J., Jones, M.E.E., Simpson, E.R., Risbridger, G.P., 2003, Anti-androgenic action by red clover-derived dietary isoflavones reduces non-malignant prostate enlargement in aromatase knockout (ArKO) mice, The Prostate, vol 56, Wiley-Liss, New York USA, pp. 54-64.

Gold, E.J., Francis, R.J.B., Zimmermann, A., Mellor, S.L., Cranfield, M., Risbridger, G.P., Groome, N.P., Wheatley, A.M., Fleming, J.S., 2003, Changes in activin and activin receptor subunit expression in rat liver during the development of CCl4-induced cirrhosis, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol 201, issue 1-Feb, Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd, Clare Ireland, pp. 143-153.

Ball, E.M.A., Risbridger, G.P., 2003, New perspectives on growth factor-sex steroid interaction in the prostate, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol 14, issue 1, Elsevier Scientific Limited, Oxford UK, pp. 5-16.

Risbridger, G.P., Bianco, J.J., Ellem, S.J., Mcpherson, S.J., 2003, Oestrogens and prostate cancer, Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol 10, issue 2, Society for Endocrinology, Bristol UK, pp. 187-191.

Fisher, J.L., Schmitt, J.F., Howard, M.L., Mackie, P.S., Choong, P.F., Risbridger, G., 2002, An in vivo model of prostrate carcinoma growth and invasion in bone, Cell and Tissue Research, vol 307, Springer-Verlag, New York NY USA, pp. 337-345.

Bianco, J.J., Handelsman, D.J., Pederson, J.S., Risbridger, G.P., 2002, Direct Response of the Murine Prostate Gland and Seminal Vesicles to Estradiol, Endocrinology, vol 143, issue 12, Endocrine Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 4922-4933.

Schmitt, J.F., Millar, D.S., Pederson, J.S., Clark, S.L., Venter, D., Frydenberg, M., Molloy, P.L., Risbridger, G.P., 2002, Hypermethylation of the inhibin a-subunit gene in prostate carcinoma, Molecular Endocrinology, vol 16, issue 2, Endocrine Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 213-220.

Jarred, R.A., Keihka, M.M., Dowling, C.R., Mcpherson, S.J., Clare, A.M., Husband, A., Pedersen, J., Frydenberg, M., Risbridger, G., 2002, Induction of Apoptosis in Low to Moderate-Grade Human Prostate Carcinoma by Red Clover-derived Dietary Isoflavones, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers & Prevention, vol 11, issue 12, American Association of Cancer Research, Birmingham Alabama USA, pp. 1689-1696.

Jarred, R.A., Mcpherson, S.J., Bianco, J.J., Couse, J.F., Korach, K.S., Risbridger, G., 2002, Prostate phenotypes in estrogen-modulated transgenic mice, TRENDS in Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol 13, issue 4, Elsevier Science Ltd, London UK, pp. 163-168.

Risbridger, G., Schmitt, J.F., Robertson, D.M., 2001, Activins and inhibins in endocrine and other tumors, Endocrine Reviews, vol 22, issue 6, Endocrine Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 836-858.

Ball, E.M., Risbridger, G., 2001, Activins are regulators of branching morphogenesis, Developmental Biology, vol 238, Academic Press Inc, San Diego California USA, pp. 1-12.

Mcpherson, S.J., Wang, H., Jones, M.E.E., Pedersen, J., Iismaa, T., Wreford, N.G., Simpson, E.R., Risbridger, G., 2001, Elevated androgens and prolactin in aromatase-deficient mice cause enlargement, but not malignancy, of the prostate gland, Endocrinology, vol 142, issue 6, Endocrine Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 2458-2462.

Cunha, G.R., Wang, Y., Hayward, S., Risbridger, G., 2001, Estrogenic effects on prostatic differentiation and carcinogenesis, Reproduction Fertility and Development, vol 13, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood Vic Australia, pp. 285-296.

Risbridger, G., Wang, H., Young, P., Kurita, T., Wong, Y., Lubahn, D., Gustafsson, J., Cunha, G.R., 2001, Evidence that epithelial and mesenchymal estrogen receptor-a mediates effects of estrogen on prostatic epithelium, Developmental Biology, vol 229, Academic Press Inc, San Diego CA USA, pp. 432-442.

Cancilla, B., Davies, A., Cauchi, J., Risbridger, G., Bertram, J.F., 2001, Fibroblast growth factor receptors and their ligands in the adult rat kidney, Kidney International, vol 60, issue 1, Blackwell Science Inc, Malden MA USA, pp. 147-155.

Cancilla, B., Jarred, R.A., Wang, H., Mellor, S.L., Cunha, G.R., Risbridger, G., 2001, Regulation of prostate branching morphogenesis by activin A and follistatin, Developmental Biology, vol 237, Academic Press Inc, San Diego California USA, pp. 145-158.

Risbridger, G., Mellor, S.L., Mcpherson, S.J., Schmitt, J.F., 2001, The contribution of inhibins and activins to malignant prostate disease, Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol 180, Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd, Coclare Ireland, pp. 149-153.

Risbridger, G., Wang, H., Frydenberg, M., Husband, A., 2001, The in vivo effect of red clover diet on ventral prostate growth in adult male mice, Reproduction Fertility and Development, vol 13, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood Vic Australia, pp. 325-329.

Risbridger, G., Wang, H., Frydenberg, M., Cunha, G.R., 2001, The metaplastic effects of estrogen on mouse prostate epithelium: Proliferation of cells with basal cell phenotype, Endocrinology, vol 142, issue 5, Endocrine Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 2443-2450.

Cancilla, B., Davies, A., Ford-Perriss, M., Risbridger, G.P., 2000, Discrete cell- and stage-specific localisation of fibroblast growth factors and receptor expression during testis development, Journal of Endocrinology, vol 164, Society for Endocrinology, Bristol UK, pp. 149-159.

Jarred, R., Cancilla, B., Prins, G.S., Thayer, K.A., Cunha, G.R., Risbridger, G.P., 2000, Evidence that estrogens directly alter androgen-regulated prostate development, Endocrinology, vol 141(9), Endocrine Society, Bethesda USA, pp. 3471-3477.

Mellor, S., Cranfield, M., Ries, R., Pedersen, J.S., Cancilla, B., de Kretser, D.M., Groome, N.P., Mason, A.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2000, Localization of activin betaA-, betaB-, and betaC-subunits in human prostate and evidence for fomation of new activin heterodimers of betaC-subunit, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol 85 issue 12, Endocrine Society, Bethesda USA, pp. 4851-4858.

Risbridger, G.P., Cancilla, B., 2000, Role of activins in the male reproductive tract, Reviews of Reproduction, vol 5 issue 2, Journals of Reproduction and Fertility Ltd, Cambridge UK, pp. 99-104.

Risbridger, G.P., Dowling, C.R., 2000, The role of ihibins and activins in prostate cancer pathogenesis, Endocrine-Related Cancer, vol 7, Society for Endocrinology, Bristol UK, pp. 243-256.

Jarred, R., Cancilla, B., Richards, M., Groome, N.P., McNatty, K.P., Risbridger, G.P., 1999, Differential localization of inhibin subunit proteins in the ovine testis during fetal donadal development, Endocrinology, vol 140, Endocrine Soc, Methesda MD USA, pp. 979-986.

Mcpherson, S.J., Mellor, S., Wang, H., Evans, L.W., Groome, N.P., Risbridger, G.P., 1999, Expression of activin A and follistatin core proteins by human prostate tumor cell lines, Endocrinology, vol 140, Endocrine Soc., Bethesda USA, pp. 5303-5309.

Risbridger, G.P., 1998, Commentary: Recent progress in our understanding of inhibin in the prostate gland, Journal of Endocrinology, vol 157, Society for Endocrinology, Bradley stoke Bristol UK, pp. 1-4.

Cancilla, B., Risbridger, G.P., 1998, Differential localization of fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, -2, -3 and -4 in fetal, immature and adult rat testes, BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION, vol 58, Society for the Study of Reproduction, MADISON WISCONSIN USA, pp. 1138-1145.

Thomas, T.J., Chapman, S., Wang, H., Gurusinghe, C.J., Mellor, S., Fletcher, R., Pedersen, J., Risbridger, G.P., 1998, Inhibins, activins and follistatins: expression of mRNAs and cellular localization in tissues from men with benign prostatic hyperplasia, The Prostate, vol 34, Wiley Liss, New York NY USA, pp. 34-43.

Mellor, S., Richards, M., Risbridger, G.P., Pedersen, J.S., Robertson, D.M., 1998, Loss of the expression and localization of inhibin alpha-subunit in high grade prostate cancer, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol 83 (3), The Endocrine Society, Bethesda MD USA, pp. 969-975.

Laslett, A., McFarlane, J.R., Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Developmental response by Leydig cells to acidic and basic fibroblast growth factor, Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol 60, Elsevier Science Ltd, Paris France, pp. 171-179.

Thomas, T.J., Wang, H., Niclasen, P., O'Bryan, M.K., Evans, L.W., Groome, N.P., Pedersen, J., Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Expression and localization of activin subunits and follistatins in tissues from men with high grade prostate cancer, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol 82, The Endocrine Society USA, Bethesda MD, pp. 3851-3858.

Mcpherson, S.J., Thomas, T.J., Wang, H., Gurusinghe, C.J., Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Growth inhibitory response to activin A and B by human prostate tumour cell lines LNCaP and DU145, Journal of Endocrinology, vol 154, Society for Endocrinology UK, Bristol UK, pp. 535-545.

Conference Proceedings

Taylor, R.A., McPherson, S.J., Ellem, S.J., Frydenberg, M., Risbridger, G.P., 2005, All power to the prostatic stroma, BJU International, 13th February 2005 to 17 February 2005, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford England, p. 24.

Wang, H., Risbridger, G.P., Thomas, T.J., Evans, L.W., Groome, N.P., 1998, Castration induced changes in the expression and localisation of activin beta a-subunit in rat prostate, The Endocrine Society Of Australia Proceedings, PERTH, WA 23-26 AUGUST 1998, ENDOCRINE SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA, Melbourne Vic Australia, p. 112.

Mcpherson, S.J., Wang, H., Evans, L.W., Groome, N.P., Risbridger, G.P., 1998, Differential expression of follistatin protein isoforms may confer selective growth advantages on prostate cells and tissues in the presence of activin a, The Endocrine Society Of Australia Proceedings, PERTH WA 23-26 AUGUST, 1998, ENDOCRINE SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA, Melbourne Vic Australia, p. 104.

Risbridger, G.P., Young, P., Kurita, T., Taylor, J., Cunha, G.R., 1998, Estrogen response by anterior prostate involves stromal estrogen receptor, er alpha, The Endocrine Society Of Australia Proceedings, PERTH WA, 23-26 AUGUST, 98, ENDOCRINE SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 89`-89.

Cancilla, B., Davies, A., Ford-Perriss, M., Risbridger, G.P., 1998, Expression of fibroblast growth factors and their receptors in fetal immature and adult rat testis, The Endocrine Society Of Australia Proceedings, PERTH WA. 23-26/8/98, ENDOCRINE SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA, Melbourne Vic Australia, p. 96.

Mellor, S., Risbridger, G.P., Pedersen, J.S., Cranfield, M., Groome, N.P., 1998, Preparation of a monoclonal antibody for the detection of the novel activin beta c subunit protein in tissues including the benign and malignant human prostate, The Endocrine Society Of Australia Proceedings, PERTH, WA, ENDOCRINE SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA, Melbourne Vic Australia, p. 103.

Jarred, R., Cancilla, B., Groome, N.P., McNatty, K.P., Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Differential localisation of inhibin subunit proteins in the ovine testis during fetal gonadal development, Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference. Australian Society for Reproductive Biology, 29/9/97-1/10/97 Canberra, Aust Society for Reproductive Biology, Canberra ACT Australia, p. 80.

Richards, M., Mellor, S., Niclasen, P., Pedersen, J., Robertson, D.M., Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Down regulation of the expression and localisation of inhibin alpha subunit in high grade prostate cancer, The Endocrine Society of Australia, Proceedings, 28/9-2/10/97 Canberra, Endocrine Society of Australia, Prahran, p. 58.

Risbridger, G.P., Wang, H., Pedersen, J., Fletcher, T.P., Chapman, S., 1997, Follistatins in human prostate evidence for the regulatory role in carcinoma of the prostate, International Journal of Andrology, 25-29 May 1997 Salzburg Austria, Blackwell Science Ltd, UK, p. 173.

Cancilla, B., Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Immunolocalisation of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-4 in adult rat testes, Endocrine Society of Australia, Proceedings, 28/9-2/10/97 Canberra, Endocrine Society of Australia, Prahran, p. 57.

Mcpherson, S.J., Wang, H., Niclasen, P., Thomas, T.J., Pedersen, J., Groome, N.P., Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Interaction of activin and follistatin in prostate cancer : comparison between in vitro and in vivo follistatin expression, Endocrine Society of Australia, Proceedings, 28/9/97-2.10.97 Canberra, Endocrine Society of Australia, Prahran, p. 101.

Risbridger, G.P., 1997, Mesenchymal/epithelial interplay in the progression to malignancy, Hormones & Men's Health Programme and Abstract Book, 19-21 March 1997, IRD & PHIMR, Clayton Vic Australia, p. 6.

Risbridger, G.P., Mcpherson, S.J., Pedersen, J., Schmitt, J.F., 1997, The regulation of activin ligand activity by binding proteins in prostate cancer, Proceedings 41st Annual ASBMB and 37th Annual ASPP Conferences, 29/9/97-2/10/97 Melbourne, Aust Soc for Biochem & Molecular Biology Inc, Kent Town SA Australia, p. B13-3.

Other

Ellem, S.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2009, The dual, opposing roles of estrogen in the prostate, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences [P], vol 1155, issue 1, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, Inc., United States, pp. 174-186.

Risbridger, G.P., 2005, Diagnosis of Advanced Cancer.

Risbridger, G.P., Almahbobi, G.A., Jarred, R.A., 2005, Early prostate development and its association with late-life prostate disease, Cell and Tissue Research, vol 322, Springer, New York USA, pp. 173-181.

Butler, C.M., Gold, E.J., Risbridger, G.P., 2005, Should activin C be more than a fading snapshot in the activin/TGF family album?, Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews, vol 16, Elsevier Science Ltd, Kidlington England, pp. 377-385.

Postgraduate Research Supervisions

Current Supervision

Program of Study:

(DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).

Thesis Title:

Defining the cell type responsible for parity induced protection against breast cancer.

Supervisors:

Britt, K (Joint), Risbridger, G (Joint-co).

Program of Study:

(DOCTORATE BY RESEARCH).

Thesis Title:

Targeting MYC-driven proliferation and growth in prostate cancer models using small molecule inhibit.

Supervisors:

Furic, L (Main), Risbridger, G (Joint).

Completed Supervision

Student:

Balanathan, P.

Program of Study:

Regulation of inhibin alpha subunit in prostate cancer. (PHD) 2005.

Supervisors:

Ball, E (Joint), Risbridger, G (Joint-Co).

Student:

Bianco, J.

Program of Study:

ROLES OF ESTROGENS IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE OF THE PROSTATE GLAND. (PHD) 2004.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main).

Student:

Cowin, P.

Program of Study:

Regulation of prostatic epithelial differentiation. (PHD) 2008.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main).

Student:

Ellem, S.

Program of Study:

Aromatase, estrogens and prostate growth. (PHD) 2005.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main).

Student:

Hussain, S.

Program of Study:

Role of estrogen receptor beta in prostate disease. (PHD) 2012.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main), Furic, L (Associate).

Student:

Ilic, D.

Program of Study:

The role of e-health in prostate cancer screening. (PHD) 2006.

Supervisors:

Green, S (Main), Risbridger, G (Associate).

Student:

Jarred, R.

Program of Study:

ESTROGENIC REGULATION OF PROSTATE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH. (PHD) 2002.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main).

Student:

Mcpherson, S.

Program of Study:

REGULATION OF PROSTATE GROWTH: INTERACTIONS OF HORMONES AND ACTIVIN-RELATED GROWTH FACTORS. (PHD) 2002.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main).

Student:

Mellor, S.

Program of Study:

MODULATION OF ACTIVIN ACTION IN THE PROSTATE. (PHD) 2002.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main).

Student:

Toivanen, R.

Program of Study:

Modelling stromal- cancer cell interactions in prostate tumours. (PHD) 2012.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Joint-Co), Taylor, R (Joint).

Student:

Wilkinson, S.

Program of Study:

Stromal Hedgehog signalling in prostate epithelial transformation. (PHD) 2012.

Supervisors:

Risbridger, G (Main), Taylor, R (Associate).

Student:

Ye, L.

Program of Study:

Generation and characterisation of a human embryonic stem cell-derived developmental model of the human female reproductive tract epithelium . (PHD) 2011.

Supervisors:

Gargett, C (Main), Risbridger, G (Associate).