Dr Martha Sinclair - Researcher Profile

Biography

Dr Martha Sinclair is a Senior Research Fellow in the Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit. She has been involved in public health research on water related diseases since 1995. Areas of interest include health risks associated with conventional water supplies and with use of alternative water sources such as rainwater, greywater and recycled water.  Some of this research is conducted in affiliation with Water Quality Research Australia (WQRA); a not-for-profit national research organisation in which Monash University is a member. Martha is the chief writer and editor of the WQRA newsletter Health Stream, and has also served on national committees responsible for developing water quality guidelines.

Prior to becoming involved in water-related research, Martha provided support to the Head of Department, Professor John McNeil, for contract and consulting work in public health. In this capacity she carried out a number of projects ranging from cost-effectiveness evaluation to the planning and organisation of clinical trials. She holds a PhD in Genetics and Developmental Biology from Monash University. Her laboratory research experience prior to joining DEPM in 1991 focused on the genetic and molecular analysis of clinical and environmental isolates of the bacterial genus Pseudomonas and their use in biotechnology applications.

Related Links:

• Health Stream Newsletter - a quarterly publication covering topical issues and recent literature on water quality and health. http://www.wqra.com.au/publications/healthstream/

Keywords

Infectious Diseases/Agents, Water quality, alternative water sources, exposure assessment, water recycling, public health, waterborne disease, health risk assessment

Qualifications

SCIENCE (PHD)

Institution: Monash University

Year awarded: 1992

SCIENCE (HONS)

Institution: Monash University

Year awarded: 1977

Publications

Books

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2008, A series of exposure experiments- Recycled water and alternative water sources: Part B - Microbial transfer efficiency during machine clothes washing and microbial survival turf-grass experiments., Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment., South Australia.

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2008, A series of exposure experiments-Recycled water and alternative water sources.: Part A: Aerosol-sizing and endotoxin experiments., Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment., South Australia.

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2008, Study of water usage in urban areas, Cooperative Research Centre for Water Quality and Treatment., South Australia.

Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., Chapman, H., 2005, Public Health Aspects of Rainwater Tanks in Urban Australia, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Salisbury SA Australia.

Sinclair, M.I., 2005, Strategic Review of Waterborne Viruses, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Salisbury SA Australia.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Harris, A.H., Kirk, M., 2003, The Cost Of Community Gastroenteritis, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Salisbury SA Australia.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Forbes, A.B., Fairley, C.K., 2003, The Water Quality Study, CRC for Water Quality and Treatment, Salisbury SA Australia.

Book Chapters

Robertson, B.E., Fairley, C., Black, J., Sinclair, M.I., 2003, Case-control studies, in Drinking water and infectious disease: Establishing the links, CRC Press, UK, pp. 175-181.

Robertson, B.E., Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., Forbes, A.B., Veitch, M., Kirk, M.D., Willis, J., Cunliffe, D., 2003, Case-control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Me, in Cryptosporidium: From Molecules to Disease, eds RCA Thompson, A Armson, UM Ryan, Elsevier BV, pp. 303-306.

Sinclair, M.I., Rizak, S.N., 2003, Drinking water quality managment: The Australian Framewo, in Drinking Water Safety: A Total Quality Management Approach, eds Hrudey, Steve, Institute for Risk Research, Canada, pp. 15-28.

Journal Articles

Barker, S.F., O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., Malawaraarachchi, M.G., Hamilton, A.J., 2012, A probabilistic model of norovirus disease burden associated with greywater irrigation of home-produced lettuce in Melbourne, Australia., Water Research [P], vol 43, issue 3, I W A Publishing, London, United Kingdom, pp. 1421-1432.

Najnin, N., Sinclair, M.I., Forbes, A.B., Leder, K.S., 2012, Community based study to compare the incidence and health services utilization pyramid for gastrointestinal, respiratory and dermal symptoms, BMC Health Services Research [E], vol 12, issue Art. ID: 211, BioMed Central Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-7.

Sinclair, M.I., O'Toole, J.E., Malawaraarachchi, M.G., Leder, K.S., 2012, Comparison of response rates and cost-effectiveness for a community-based survey: postal, internet and telephone modes with generic or personalised recruitment approaches, BMC Medical Research Methodology [P], vol 12, issue Art. ID: 132, BioMed Central Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-8.

Sinclair, M.I., O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Malawaraarachchi, M.G., 2012, Household behaviour and motivations for greywater use, Water [P], vol 2012, issue May, Australian Water Association, Australia, pp. 83-87.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Malawaraarachchi, M.G., Hamilton, A.J., Barker, S.F., Leder, K.S., 2012, Microbial quality assessment of household greywater, Water Research [P], vol 46, issue 13, I W A Publishing, United Kingdom, pp. 4301-4313.

Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2012, Water and sediment quality of rain watertanks, Water [P], vol 39, issue 1, Australian Water Association, Australia, pp. 83-87.

Hrudey, S., Conant, B., Douglas, I., Fawell, J., Gillespie, T., Hill, D., Leiss, W., Rose, J., Sinclair, M., 2011, Managing uncertainty in the provision of safe water, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply [P], vol 11, issue 6, I W A Publishing, United Kingdom, pp. 675-681.

Malawaraarachchi, M., O'Toole, J., Sinclair, M., Leder, K., 2011, Review of Greywater use in Australia : A national policy would simplify implementation, Water [P], vol 38, issue 4, Australian Water Association, Australia, pp. 97-101.

Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2010, A survey of the characteristics and maintenance of rainwater tanks in urban areas of South Australia, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 61, issue 6, IWA Publishing, United Kingdom, pp. 1569-1577.

Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M., Forbes, A., Cunliffe, D., Leder, K., 2010, Drinking rainwater: A double-blinded, randomized controlled study of water treatment filters and gastroenteritis incidence, American Journal Of Public Health [P], vol 101, American Public Health Association, United States, pp. 842-847.

Sinclair, M., O'Toole, J., Forbes, A., Carr, D., Leder, K., 2010, Health status of residents of an urban dual reticulation system, International Journal of Epidemiology [P], vol 39, issue 6 (Art. No: dyq152), Oxford University Press, UK, pp. 1667-1675.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2010, Quantitative microbial risk assessment and Australian Guidelines for Water Recycling: Two case studies, Food Australia [P], vol 62, issue 9, Australian Institute of Food Science and Technology Inc., Australia, pp. 408-412.

Dale, K.D., Kirk, M.D., Sinclair, M.I., Hall, R.G., Leder, K.S., 2010, Reported waterborne outbreaks of gastrointestinal disease in Australia are predominantly associated with recreational exposure, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health [P], vol 34, issue 5, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia, Australia, pp. 527-530.

Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M., Wolfe, R., Leder, K., 2010, Risk factors for gastroenteritis: a nested case-control study, Epidemiology And Infection [P], vol 2.365, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, pp. 1-8.

Sinclair, M.I., 2010, Water quality and public health, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria [P], vol 122, issue 1, Stillwell and Co., Melbourne, VIC, Australia, pp. 18-21.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2009, Collecting household water usage data: Telephone questionnaire or diary?, BMC Medical Research Methodology [P], vol 9, issue 72, BioMed Central Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-11.

Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M.I., Cunliffe, D., Leder, K.S., 2009, Effectiveness and cost of recruitment strategies for a community-based randomised controlled trial among rainwater drinkers, BMC Medical Research Methodology [P], vol 9, issue 51, BioMed Central Ltd, United Kingdom, pp. 1-7.

Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., Forbes, A.B., Wain, D., 2009, Household clustering of gastroenteritis, Epidemiology And Infection [P], vol 137, issue 12, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 1705-1712.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Jeavons, T.H., Leder, K.S., 2009, Influence of sample preservation on endotoxin measurement in water, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 60, issue 6, I W A Publishing, London, United Kingdom, pp. 1615-1619.

O'Toole, J.E., Keywood, M., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2009, Risk in the mist? Deriving data to quantify microbial health risks associated with aerosol generation by water-efficient devices during typical domestic water-using activities, Water Science And Technology [P], vol 60, issue 11, I W A Publishing, UK, pp. 2913-2920.

Dale, K., Wolfe, R.S.J., Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M., Leder, K.S., 2009, Sporadic gastroenteritis and recreational swimming in a longitudinal community cohort study in Melbourne, Australia, American Journal Of Epidemiology [P], vol 170, issue 12, Oxford University Press, USA, pp. 1469-1477.

O'Toole, J.E., Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2009, The Australian Electoral Commission Roll has good utility for 'niche' household recruitment in population health studies, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health..., vol 33, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia, Australia, pp. 137-139.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2009, Transfer rates of enteric microorganisms in recycled water during machine clothes washing, Applied And Environmental Microbiology [P], vol 75, issue 5, American Society for Microbiology, USA, pp. 1256-1263.

Leder, K.S., O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., 2009, Water recycling - forwards or backwards for public health?, Medical Journal Of Australia [P], vol 190, issue 6, Australasian Medical Publishing Company Pty. Ltd, Australia, pp. 293-294.

Leder, K.S., O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., 2009, Water recycling- forwards or backwards for public health?, Medical Journal Of Australia [P], vol 191, issue 4, Australasian Medical Publishing Co Ltd, Pyrmont, NSW, p. 239.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Jeavons, T.H., Leder, K.S., 2008, Alternative water sources and endotoxin, Water Science and Technology, vol 58, issue 3, IWA Publishing, UK, pp. 603-607.

Jex, A.R., Pangasa, A., Campbell, B.E., Whipp, M., Hogg, G.G., Sinclair, M.I., Stevens, M., Gasser, R.B., 2008, Classification of Cryptosporidium species from patients with sporadic cryptosporidiosis by use of sequence-based multilocus analysis following mutation scanning, Journal Of Clinical Microbiology [P], vol 46, issue 7, American Society for Microbiology, United States, pp. 2252-2262.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Diaper, C., Leder, K.S., 2008, Comparative survival of enteric indicators, E. coli and somatic and F-RNA bacteriophages on turf-grass irrigated with recycled water, Water Science and Technology, vol 58, issue 3, IWA Publishing, United Kingdom, pp. 513-518.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2008, Maximising response rates in household telephone surveys, BMC Medical Research Methodology, vol 8, issue 71, BioMed Central Ltd., United Kingdom, pp. 1-5.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2008, Recycled water exposure: Filling the data gaps, Water [P], vol 35, issue 8, Australian Water Association, Australia, pp. 52-57.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2008, Using bacteriophages in recycled water exposure assessment studies, Food and Environmental Virology, vol 0, Springer New York LLC, USA, pp. 0-1.

Mons, M.N., van der Wielen, J.M., Blokker, E., Sinclair, M.I., Hulshof, K.F., Dangendorf, F., Hunter, P., Medema, G., 2007, Estimation of the consumption of cold tap water for microbiological risk assessment: An overview of studies and statistical analysis of data, Journal of Water and Health, vol 5, issue Suppl 1, IWA Publishing, United Kingdom, pp. 151-170.

Sinclair, M.I., 2007, How safe is rainwater consumption?, Public Health Bulletin South Australia, vol 4, issue 2, South Australian Department of Health, Australia, pp. 11-13.

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2007, Recycled water and human health effects, Australian Family Physician, vol 36, issue 12, Royal Australian College of General Practitioners, Australia, pp. 998-1000.

Sinclair, M.I., Schlosser, O., 2007, Water softening: Epidemiological evidence on calcium and magnesium in drinking water and cardiovascular disease, Water21, vol 0, issue February, IWA Publishing, UK, pp. 18-19.

Ferguson, C., Deere, D., Sinclair, M.I., Chalmers, R.M., Elwin, K., Hadfield, S., Xiao, L., Ryan, U., Gasser, R.B., Abs El-Osta, Y.B., Stevens, M., 2006, Meeting report: Application of genotyping methods to assess risks from Cryptosporidium in watersheds, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 114, issue 3, US Dept of Health and Human Services, US, pp. 430-434.

Schindler, A.R., Abs El-Osta, Y.G., Stevens, M., Sinclair, M.I., Gasser, R.B., 2005, Capillary electrophoretic analysis of fragment length polymorphism in ribosomal markers of Cryptosporidium from humans, Molecular and Cellular Probes, vol 19, issue 6, Academic Press, UK, pp. 394-399.

Chalmers, R.M., Ferguson, C., Caccio, S., Gasser, R.B., Abs El-Osta, Y.G., Heijen, L., Xiao, L., Elwin, K., Hadfield, S., Sinclair, M.I., Stevens, M., 2005, Direct comparison of selected methods for genetic categorisation of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis species, International Journal of Parasitology, vol 35, issue 4, Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, Kidlington UK, pp. 397-410.

Leder, K.S., Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Wolfe, R.S.J., 2005, No correlation between clinical symptoms and Blastocystis hominis in immunocompetent individuals, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol 20, issue 9, Blackwell Publishing Asia, Carlton Vic Australia, pp. 1390-1394.

Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., Wolfe, R.S.J., Mitakakis, T.Z., Leder, K.S., Fairley, C.K., 2005, Pathogens causing community gastroenteritis in Australia, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol 20, issue 11, Blackwell Publishing Asia, Carlton Vic Australia, pp. 1685-1690.

Frost, F.J., Tollestrup, K., Craun, G.F., Fairley, C., Sinclair, M.I., Kunde, T., 2005, Protective immunity associated with a strong serological response to a Cryptosporidium-specific antigen group, in HIV-infected individuals, The Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol 192, University of Chicago Press, Chicago USA, pp. 618-621.

Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2005, Safe drinking water: lessons from recent outbreaks in affluent nations, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol 29, issue 2, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Asia, Melbourne VIC Australia, p. 190.

Mitakakis, T.Z., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2004, Alternative water sources and reuse: what are the public health issues?, Medical Journal of Australia, vol 180, issue 6, Australasian Medical Publishing Company, Strawberry Hills NSW Australia., pp. 260-261.

Mitakakis, T.Z., Wolfe, R.S.J., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C., Leder, K.S., Hellard, M.E., 2004, Dietary intake and domestic food preparation and handling as risk factors for gastroenteritis: a case-control study, Epidemiology and Infection, vol 132, issue 4, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 601-606.

Sinclair, M.I., Rizak, S.N., 2004, Drinking-water quality management: the Australian framework, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, vol 67, issue 20-22, Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia USA, pp. 1567-1579.

Robins-Browne, R.M., Bordun, A., Tauschek, M., Bennett-Wood, V.R., Russell, J., Oppedisano, F., Lister, N.A., Bettelheim, K.A., Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., 2004, Escherichia coli and community-acquired gastroenteritis, Melbourne, Australia, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol 10, issue 10, Center for Disease Control, Atlanta USA, pp. 1797-1805.

Robins-Browne, R.M., Bordun, A., Tauschek, M., Bennett-Wood, V.R., Russell, J., Oppedisano, F., Lister, N.A., Bettelheim, K.A., Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., 2004, Escherichia coli and community-acquired gastroenteritis, Melbourne, Australia, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol 10, issue 10, US Dept of Health and Human Services, USA, pp. 1797-1805.

Marshall, J.A., Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Cox, B.J., Catton, M.G., Kelly, H., Wright, P.J., 2004, Failure to detect norovirus in a large group of asymptomatic individuals, Public Health, vol 118, issue 3, W B Saunders Co. Ltd, London UK, pp. 230-233.

Mitakakis, T.Z., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Lightbody, P.K., Leder, K.S., Hellard, M.E., 2004, Food safety in family homes in Melbourne, Australia, Journal of Food Protection, vol 67, issue 4, International Association for Food Protection, USA, pp. 818-822.

Krewski, D., Balbus, J., Butler-Jones, D., Haas, C., Isaac-Renton, J., Roberts, K.J., Sinclair, M.I., 2004, Managing the microbiological risks of drinking water, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, vol 67, issue 20-22, Taylor & Francis, Pennsylvania USA, pp. 1591-1617.

McNeil, J.J., Robman, L.R., Tikellis, G., Sinclair, M.I., McCarty, C.A., Taylor, H.R., 2004, Vitamin E supplementation and cataract: Randomized controlled trial, Opthalmology, vol 111, Elsevier, USA, pp. 75-84.

Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., Mitakakis, T.Z., Hellard, M.E., Forbes, A.B., Fairley, C., 2003, A community-based study of respiratory episodes in Melbourne, Australia, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, vol 27, issue 4, Public Health Association of Australia, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 399-404.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Harris, A.H., Kirk, M., Fairley, C.K., 2003, Community gastroenterology: cost of community gastroenteritis, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol 18, issue 3, Blackwell Publishing Asia, Carlton Vic Australia, pp. 322-328.

Rizak, S.N., Cunliffe, D., Sinclair, M.I., Vulcano, R., Howard, J., Hrudey, S., Callan, P., 2003, Drinking water quality management: a holistic approach, Water Science and Technology, vol 47, issue 9, IWA Publishing, UK, pp. 31-36.

Marshall, J.A., Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Cox, B.J., Catton, M.G., Kelly, H.A., Wright, P.J., 2003, Incidence and charactistics of endemic Norwalk-like virus-associated gatroenteritis, Journal of Medical Virology, vol 69, issue 4, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York USA, pp. 568-578.

Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., Forbes, A.B., Fairley, C.K., 2002, Assessing microbial risks from drinking water: The Water Quality Study, Victorian Infectious Diseases Bulletin, vol 5, issue 1, Victorian State Government. Dept of Human Services, Communicable Disease Control Unit, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 1-3.

Sinclair, M.I., 2002, Assessing microbial risks from drinking water: Two studies., Water, vol 29, issue 1, Australian Water Association, Australia, pp. 30-32.

Robertson, B.E., Sinclair, M.I., Forbes, A.B., Veitch, M., Kirk, M., Cunliffe, D., Willis, J., Fairley, C., 2002, Case-control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia, Epidemiology and Infection, vol 128, issue 3, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 419-431.

Krewski, D., Balbus, J., Butler-Jones, D., Haas, C., Isaac-Renton, J., Roberts, K.J., Sinclair, M.I., 2002, Managing health risks from drinking water-a report to the Walkerton inquiry, Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health, vol 65, issue 21, Taylor and Francis Group, UK, pp. 1635-1823.

Sinclair, M.I., 2002, Melbourne's water does not benefit from point-of-use filtration: Crypto is not a drinking water issue, Water, vol 29, issue 1, Australian Water Association, NSW Australia, pp. 30-32.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Dharmage, S.C., Bailey, M.J., Fairley, C.K., 2002, The rate of gastroenteritis in a large city before and after chlorination, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, vol 12, issue 4, Taylor & Francis, London United Kingdom, pp. 355-360.

Froese, K.L., Sinclair, M.I., Hrudey, S.E., 2002, Trichloroacetic Acid as a Biomarker of Exposure to Disinfection By-Products in Drinking Water: A Human Exposure Trial in Adelaide, Australia, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 110, issue 7, US Dept Health Human Sciences Public Health Sciences, USA, pp. 679-687.

Leder, K., Sinclair, M.I., McNeil, J.J., 2002, Water and the environment: a natural resource or a limited luxury?, Medical Journal of Australia, vol 177, AMP Co for AMA, Australia, pp. 609-613.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Forbes, A.B., Fairley, C., 2001, A randomized, blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol 109, US Dept of Health and Human Services, NIEHS, USA, pp. 471-475.

McConnell, S., Horrocks, M., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C., 2001, Changes in the incidence of gastroenteritis and the implementation of public water treatment, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, vol 11, Taylor & Francis, USA, pp. 299-303.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Forbes, A.B., Fairley, C., 2001, Methods used to maintain a high level of participant involvement in a clinical trial, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol 55, BMJ Publishing Group, UK, pp. 348-351.

Demos, L.L., Kazda, H., Cicuttini, F.M., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C., 2001, Water fluoridation, osteoporosis, fractures - recent developments, Australian Dental Journal, vol 46, issue 2, Australian Dental Association, Australia, pp. 80-87.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Andrews, R.M., Bailey, M.J., Black, J., Dharmage, S.C., Kirk, M.D., 2000, An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in an urban swimming pool: why are such outbreaks difficult to detect?, ANZ J Public Health, vol 24, issue 3, Public Health Association of Australia, Australia, pp. 272-275.

Padiglione, A.A., Grabsch, E., Olden, D., Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Grayson, M.L., 2000, Fecal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci in Australia, Emerging Infectious Diseases, vol 6 issue 5, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta USA, pp. 534-536.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Hogg, G.G., Fairley, C.K., 2000, Prevalence of enteric pathogens among community based asymptomatic individuals, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol 15, Blackwell Publishing, Singapore, pp. 290-293.

Douglas, R., Sinclair, M.I., 1999, Cryptosporidium in water, Communicable Disease Intelligence, vol 23 issue 6, National Centre for Disease control, Canberra ACT Australia, pp. 170-172.

Caputo, C., Forbes, A.B., Frost, F., Sinclair, M.I., Kunde, T.R., Hoy, J.F., Fairley, C.K., 1999, Determinants of antibodies to cryptosporidium infection among gay and bisexual men with HIV infection, Epidemiology and Infection, vol 122 issue 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, pp. 291-297.

Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., Rizak, S., 1999, Monitoring drinking water: the receding zero, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol 171 iss 8, Australasian Medical Publishing Co., Nth Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 397-398.

Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., Rizak, S., 1999, Monitoring not the answer to Cryptosporidium, The Lancet, vol 354 iss 9183, Elsevier, London UK, pp. 967-969.

Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., 1999, Monitoring the answer to Cryptosporidium?, Water, vol november\december, Australian Water and Wastewater Assoc. Inc., Artarmon NSW, p. 3.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., 1999, Water and health - a whole new perspective, Microbiology Australia, vol 20 issue 2, The Australian Society for Microbiology, Subiaco WA Australia, pp. 7-9.

Robertson, B.E., Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., Fairley, C.K., 1998, Cryptosporidium and water: what do we know?, Water, vol 25 no 4, AWWA, Artarmon NSW, pp. 18-19.

Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., Hellard, M.E., 1998, Protozoa in drinking water: is legislation the best answer?, The Medical Journal of Australia, vol 169 no 6, Australasian Medical Publishing Company, North Sydney NSW Australia, pp. 296-297.

Hellard, M.E., Black, J., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., 1998, The water we drink: Assessing its impact on human health, Victorian Infectious Disease Bulletin, vol 1 no 2, Hlth Intell. & Dis Contrl Branch, Human Services, Melbourne Vic Australia, pp. 21-23.

Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., 1998, Water quality to 2000: Is Australia leading the way?, Water, vol 25 no 5, AWWA, Artarmon NSW, pp. 11-14.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Ranmuthugala, G., Pilotto, L.S., Padiglione, A.A., Robertson, B.E., Fairley, C.K., 1997, Beyond Coliforms: Measuring Human Health, Journal Australian Water & Wastewater Association: Water, vol 24, Australian Water and Wastewater Inc, Artamon Australia, pp. 26-28.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Streeton, C.L., Fairley, C.K., 1997, Drinking water and microbiological pathogens-issues and challenges for the year 2000, Journal of Public Health Medicine, vol 19, Oxford University Press, Oxford UK, pp. 129-131.

Padiglione, A.A., Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., 1997, Safe drinking water, Medical Journal of Australia, vol 16, Australasian Medical Publishing Company Ltd, North Sydney NSW Australia, p. 670.

Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., Fairley, C.K., 1997, Water quality and public health research, World Water and Environmental Engineering, vol 20, Faversham House Group Ltd, Surrey UK, p. 25.

Conference Proceedings

Stebbing, M.S., Carey, M.G., Sinclair, M.I., Sim, M.R., 2012, Understanding the vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity of households in rural Victorian towns in the context of long term water insecurity, Climate Change 2012: Water and Climate: Policy Implementation Changes; Proceedings of the 2nd Practical Responses to Climate Change Conference, 1-3 May 2012, Canberra, 1 May 2012 to 3 May 2012, Engineers Australia, Barton, ACT, Australia, pp. 106-115.

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2008, Recycled water guidelines: Do they hold up in the wash?, ASM 2008 Melbourne: Program and Abstract Book, 06/07/08 - 10/07/08, Cambridge Publishing, Western Australia, p. 144.

Rodrigo, S., Sinclair, M.I., Cunliffe, D., Leder, K.S., 2007, A critical assessment of epidemiological studies for the investigation of the health risk of drinking untreated rainwater, Rainwater and Urban Design 2007, 21-23 August 2007, International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association, United Kingdom, pp. 1-8.

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2007, Recycled water and health impact studies: Exposure matters!, Australian Epidemiologist, 26/08/07-29/08/07, Australasian Epidemiological Association, Australia, p. 115.

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., 2006, Not another telemarketing call - it's dinner time! Challenges for telephone surveys in the modern era, Australasian Epidemiologist, 18-19 September 2006, Australasian Epidemiological Association, Canberra ACT Australia, p. 35.

Sinclair, M.I., Scholsser, O., 2006, Studies needed to improve the database and interpretations., International Symposium on Health Aspects of Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water., NSF International, International Life Sciences Institute, NSF/WHO Collaborating Centre, USA, pp. 59-60.

O'Toole, J.E., Leder, K.S., Sinclair, M.I., Jeavons, T.H., 2006, Water sample preservation for endotoxin analysis, ASM 2006 - Gold Coast Program and Abstracts Book, 2-6 July 2006, The Australian Society for Microbiology, West Leederville WA Australia, p. 163.

Sinclair, M.I., Gasser, R.B., Abs El-Osta, Y.B., Robertson, B.E., Cunliffe, D., Fairley, C.K., 2003, Genotyping of human Cryptosporidium infections in Australia., Epidemiology, 23-26 September 2003, Lippincott Willams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA, p. 119.

Rizak, S.N., Hrudey, S.E., Sinclair, M.I., 2002, Drinking water quality management: A holistic approach., From Source To Tap - Protecting Drinking Water Quality in Small Systems, Health Canada, Canada, pp. 20-31.

Sinclair, M.I., Rizak, S.N., 2002, Drinking water quality management: The Australian framework, Drinking Water Safety: A total quality management approach., NERAM, Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Uni of Ottawa, Canada, p. 1.

Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., Wolfe, R.S.J., Fairley, C.K., 2002, Pathogens causing community gastroenteritis in Australia., Microbiology Australia, 29 Sept -3 Oct 2002, Cambridge Media, West Leederville, WA, Australia, p. 24.

Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., Rodrigo, S., 2002, To drink or not to drink, that is the question - health risks of using rainwater in the house., Conference & Proceedings - Sustainable Water in the Urban Environment II, 19-21 June 2006, The Australian Water Association, Stormwater Industry Association, Urban Development Institute, Australia, p. 1.

Sinclair, M.I., Langford, J.J., 1999, Cryptosporidium in water: a consensus conference, Water Solutions, Adelaide SA 11-14th April 1999, Australian Water and Waste Water Association, Artamon NSW, pp. 79-80.

Fairley, C.K., Sinclair, M.I., 1999, Evidence based decisions for the wate industry - a public health approach, Water Solutions, Adelaide 11-14th April 1999, Australian Water and Waste Water Association, Artarmon NSW, pp. 73-74.

Sinclair, M.I., Hellard, M.E., Fairley, C.K., 1997, The Water Quality Study, Microbiology Australia, 28 Sept - 3 Oct 1997, Adelaide Convention Centre, Reed Business Information, Chatswood Australia, p. A72.

Other

Stebbing, M.S., Carey, M.G., Sinclair, M.I., Sim, M.R., 2011, Water insecurity and health and wellbeing in rural Victorian towns, Water insecurity and health and wellbeing in rural Victorian towns, PHAA 41st Annual Conference, Brisbane.

O'Toole, J.E., Sinclair, M.I., Leder, K.S., 2008, Health risk assessment?Recycled Water Project 33V-4009, State Government Victoria, Victoria, pp. 1-62.

Schlosser, O., Sinclair, M.I., 2006, Evaluating the epidemiological evidence on theeffects of calcium and magnesium in drinking water on cardiovascular disease rates, Global Water Research Coalition, The Netherlands, pp. 1-61.

Cunliffe, D., Byleveld, P., Day, D., Gray-Gardner, R., Lobban, M., Sinclair, M.I., Callan, P., 2005, NHMRC Rural and Remote Water Quality Working Committee, Australian Drinking Water Guidelines - Community Water Planner (CD Rom), NHMRC, Vic Australia.

Cunliffe, D., Sinclair, M.I., Rizak, S.N., Vulcano, R., Howard, J., Hrudey, S.E., 2004, Drinking Water Quality Management Working Party, National Water Quality Management Strategy: Australian Drinking Water Guidelines, NHMRC, Australia.

Robertson, B.E., Sinclair, M.I., Veitch, M., Pilotto, L.S., Fairley, C.K., 1997, Methodological challenges of a case-control study of risk factors for sporadic cryptosporidiosis in the general population, Poster.

Hellard, M.E., Sinclair, M.I., Fairley, C.K., 1997, The Water Quality study, Poster.