Table of contents

• Writing home
• General writing
  • Essay writing
    • What makes a good essay?
    • Essay topics
      • Interpreting an essay topic
      • Different topic interpretations
    • The essay plan
      • Provisional essay plan
      • Elaborated essay plan
      • Planning for the topic
      • Developing a provisional plan
    • Selecting readings
      • Reading passages
      • Assessing a text's relevance
      • Skimming a text for relevance
    • Taking notes from texts
      • Sample notes
    • Drafting the essay
      • Drafting the introduction
      • Outlining the essay's structure
      • Outlining the essay's argument
    • Sample essay
      • Analysing structure
      • Analysing the language of critique
    • Analysing citations
      • Sample Oxford essay
      • Sample Harvard essay
      • Different citation forms
      • Direct quotes
      • Embedded citations
    • The conclusion
      • Analysing conclusions
    • Essay references
      • Analysing reference lists
      • Reference element quiz
      • Identifying essay references
    • Summary
  • Report writing
    • Case study report
  • Writing literature reviews
    • Matching introductions and conclusions
    • Giving reader directions
    • Citing previous research
      • Ordering citations
      • Use of tenses
      • Paraphrase or quotation?
      • Reporting words
      • Plagiarism
    • Signalling your position
    • Active or passive voice?
    • Useful references - literature reviews
    • Reviewing books and articles
  • Editing your thesis
    • Helping the reader
      • Headings
      • Reader directions
    • Purposes and patterns of organisation
      • Organisation of a paragraph
      • Defining your topic
      • Linking
      • Bullets
    • Handling the writing conventions
      • Your presence in the text
      • Integrating quotations
      • Style standards
    • Revising your work
      • Editing
      • Proofreading
    • Further reading
  • Why do we reference?
    • Acknowledging sources
    • Critiquing new ideas
    • What to reference
    • Following the right conventions
    • Referencing digital and online material
    • Improving your technique
    • Referencing checklist
  • Plagiarism
    • What is plagiarism?
    • How to avoid plagiarism
    • Monash University policy
    • Citing your sources
    • Other plagiarism resources
  • Academic writing
    • What is academic writing?
    • Authority and credibility
      • Referring to tendencies
      • Acknowledging exceptions and limitations
    • Style and clarity
      • Formal language
      • Impersonal style
      • Clear sentences
      • Use of acronyms and abbreviations
      • Logical development of ideas
    • Structure
      • Writing effective paragraphs
      • Signposts
    • An analytical approach
    • Attribution of references
    • Some common problems
    • Other academic writing resources
• Writing in Art and Design
  • Researching skills for Art and Design
    • Reading as research
      • FAQs for reading
      • Reading for assignments
        • Reference record sheet
      • Reading to expand your practice
      • Effective library use
    • Observing as research
      • FAQs for observing
      • Observing for assignments
      • Observing to expand your practice
      • Visual journal
      • Staff tips on observing
    • Experimenting as research
      • FAQs for experimenting
      • Experimenting for assignments
      • Experimenting to expand your practice
      • Staff tips on experimenting
  • Writing skills for Art and Design
    • Visual analysis
      • FAQs for Visual Analysis
      • Where do I start?
      • How do I structure my Visual Analysis?
      • How do I write my Visual Analysis?
      • Look at the image again
      • Sample visual analysis
      • Language of a visual analysis
    • Essay writing
      • FAQs for Essay writing
      • Where do I start?
      • How do I structure my Essay?
      • How do I write my Essay?
      • Sample essay
    • Report writing
      • FAQs for Report Writing
      • Where do I start?
      • How do I structure my report?
      • How do I write my report?
      • Sample report
    • Developing your academic skills
      • Referencing and plagiarism
      • Editing your work
      • Proofreading your work
      • Grammar
      • Using a glossary
  • Glossary for Writing in Art and Design
• Writing in Arts
  • English essay
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Literature
      • Topic analysis
      • Structuring an argument
        • Focusing on the topic
        • Writing a qualified answer to a question
        • Linking main points
      • Interpreting texts
        • Narrative vs analysis
        • Making judgements
      • Further resources for Literature
    • Annotated assignments
      • Claire's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Claire's essay
        • Claire's essay and what her lecturer thought
        • Claire's comments
      • Kiren's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Kiren's essay
        • Kiren's essay and what her lecturer thought
      • Joseph's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Joseph's essay
        • Joseph's essay and what his lecturer thought
  • History essay
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in History
      • Making and supporting claims
        • The topic sentence
        • Supporting evidence
        • Focusing on primary evidence
        • Documenting sources with footnotes
      • Analysing historical arguments
        • Identifying summary and evaluation
        • Focus on summarising
        • The language of summary
        • Elements of a summary
        • Focus on evaluating
        • Approaches to evaluation
    • Annotated assignments
      • Owen's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Owen's essay
        • Owen's essay and what his lecturer thought
        • Owen's comments
      • Meg's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Meg's essay
        • Meg's essay and what her lecturer thought
  • Philosophy essay
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Philosophy
      • Terminology
        • Explanation of terms
        • Understanding philosophical terms
        • Using philosophical terms in an essay
      • Essay questions
        • Interpreting questions 1
        • Interpreting questions 2
        • Different interpretations
      • Introductions
        • Analysing a sample introduction
        • Stating your case
        • Strong and weak cases
      • Summarising
        • Writing a clear summary
        • Using your own words
        • Using reporting language in summaries
        • Analysing, reporting, and direct quotes in a summary
        • Writing your own summary
      • Evaluating
        • Identifying evaluation in writing
        • Structuring evaluation in writing
        • Evaluation in philosophical debates
        • Indicating your position
        • Writing your own evaluation
      • Structuring
        • Exploring essay structure
    • Annotated assignments
      • Roslyn's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Roslyn's essay
        • Roslyn's essay and what her lecturer thought
      • Ben's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Ben's essay
        • Ben's essay and what his lecturer thought
        • Ben's comments
      • Chloe's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Chloe's essay
        • Chloe's essay and what her lecturer thought
  • Sociology essay
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Sociology
      • Using evidence
        • Identifying types of evidence
      • Structuring an argument
        • Focusing on the topic - introductions
        • Focusing on the topic - conclusions
        • Linking main points
      • Academic style
        • Avoiding the personal pronoun 'I'
        • Avoiding emotive language
        • Using formal language
        • Being precise and accurate
    • Annotated assignments
      • Renee's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Renee's essay
        • Renee's essay and what her lecturer thought
        • Renee's comments
• Writing in Business and Economics
  • Commercial Law assignment
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Commercial Law
      • Assignment tasks
        • Structuring a written response
      • Style of writing
        • Clear writing
        • Sentence structure
      • Using paragraphs
        • Paragraph structure
      • Structure of legal arguments
      • Other Commercial Law resources
    • Annotated assignments
      • Steve's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Steve's sample assignment
        • Steve's assignment and what his lecturer thought
        • Steve's comments
  • Economics assignment
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Economics
      • Reading
        • Read, understand, and identify key terms
      • Applying theory
      • Analysing
        • Analysing the topic
        • Instruction words
      • Economics style
        • Types of thinking
        • Diagrams
        • Headings
      • Other Economics resources
    • Annotated assignments
      • Rebecca's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Rebecca's sample assignment
        • Rebecca's assignment and what her lecturer thought
        • Rebecca's comments
  • Management assignment
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Management
      • Identifying problems
        • Ordering information
        • Using theory and evidence
        • Referring to theory
      • Alternative solutions
        • Stating disadvantages
        • Combining advantages and disadvantages
      • Recommendations
        • Creating recommendations
        • Creating subheadings
      • Other Management resources
    • Annotated assignments
      • Amy's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Amy's sample assignment
        • Amy's assignment and what her lecturer thought
        • Amy's comments
      • Angus's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Angus's sample assignment
        • Angus's assignment and what his lecturer thought
      • Cindy's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Cindy's sample assignment
        • Cindy's assignment and what her lecturer thought
  • Marketing assignment
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Marketing
      • Research
        • Finding time
        • Locating sources
      • Structure
        • Method of structuring
        • Writing the introduction
        • Writing the conclusion
      • Using sources
        • Types of sources
        • Magazines and academic journals
        • First-year standards
        • Reference list
        • Citing and referencing
        • Defining and discussing
    • Annotated assignments
      • Helen's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Helen's report
        • Helen's report and what her lecturer thought
        • Helen's comments
      • Amanda's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Amanda's report
        • Amanda's report and what her lecturer thought
        • Amanda's comments
      • Briohny's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Briohny's report
        • Briohny's report and what her lecturer thought
      • Troy's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Troy's report
        • Troy's report and what his lecturer thought
• Writing in Education
  • Perspectives on Learning essay
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Education
      • Introducing your assignment
        • Functions of an introduction
        • Writing the introduction
      • Interpreting observations
        • Observation and interpretation
        • Two kinds of observation
        • Making the 'correct' interpretation
        • Analysing from theory
        • Being logical
    • Annotated assignments
      • Hannah's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Hannah's report
        • Hannah's report and what her lecturer thought
        • Hannah's comments
  • Reflective writing in Education
    • Why reflect?
    • Features of reflective writing
    • Writing a reflective response to a text
    • Examples of reflective writing
    • Example of the reflective writing process
    • Reflection on a theoretical perspective
• Writing in Engineering
  • Writing technical reports
    • Title page
      • Sample title page
    • Summary
      • Sample summary
    • Table of contents
      • Sample contents
    • Introduction
      • Sample introduction
    • Body of the report
      • Headings in the body of the report
      • Sample headings
      • Incorporating figures, tables, and equations
    • Conclusions
      • Sample conclusions
    • Referencing
      • Sample reference list
    • Appendices
  • Writing lab reports
    • Tasks involved
    • Points to remember
    • Report structure
      • Title page
      • Introduction
      • Aim
      • Method
      • Results and Discussion
      • Conclusions
    • Using an impersonal style in lab reports
    • Other lab report resources
  • Other Engineering resources
• Writing in Information Technology
  • IT report
    • Interpreting the assignment topic
      • Identifying unknown words
      • Analysing the question
      • Considering the additional assignment notes
      • More help - assignment writing
    • Developing a plan
      • Thinking about the assignment topic
      • Refining the plan
      • Developing a plan for the assignment
    • Writing the report
      • Abstracts and introductions
      • Writing from a plan
      • Sample report
      • Plan vs. report
  • Business Systems data commentary
    • Report structure
    • Paragraph structure
    • Tables, figures, appendices
    • Academic style
    • References
  • IT case study
    • Topic analysis
    • Topic annotation
  • Using sources in IT
    • Selecting sources
    • Plagiarism
      • Avoiding plagiarism
      • More help - plagiarism
    • Referencing sources
      • Indirect quotes
      • Direct quotes
      • Author vs. information
      • More help - referencing
    • Integrating references
      • Using evidence to substantiate your argument
      • Using direct quotes selectively
      • Paraphrasing and summarising
      • Integrating informal language into academic writing
    • Reference list
      • More help
• Writing in Law
  • Legal Process essay
    • Lecturer's advice
    • Skills for writing in Law
      • Analysing
        • Establishing the task
        • Researching for the topic
        • Analysing topics
      • The introduction
        • The introduction's function
        • Stating your case
      • Developing the case
        • Supporting your claims
        • Demonstrating your reasoning
        • Dealing with counter arguments
      • Other Legal Process resources
    • Annotated assignments
      • Michael's assignment
        • Lecturer's expectations
        • Michael's essay
        • Michael's essay and what his lecturer thought
        • Further comments on the essay
        • Michael's comments
• Writing in Medicine
  • Health Sciences case report
    • Annabelle's sample assignment
    • Annabelle's assignment and what her lecturer thought
    • Additional lecturer comments
  • Reflective writing
    • What is reflective writing?
    • What is a 'critical incident'?
      • Critical incident analysis
    • The reflective learning process
      • Conditions for reflection
      • Conditions inhibiting reflection
      • The action-reflection model
    • Format for the critical incident report
    • Sample critical incident report
    • Criteria for assessment
    • Common errors in reflective writing
    • Characteristics of reflective writing
      • Tenses
      • Speculative and hypothetical writing
      • Self reflection v self criticism
    • Other reflective writing resources
  • Writing in Psychological Medicine
    • Report structure for writing in Psychological Medicine
    • Case History structure
      • Introduction examples
      • History of presenting complaint examples
      • Past psychiatric history examples
      • Past medical history examples
    • Mental state examination structure
      • Mental state examination examples
    • Physical examination structure
      • Physical examination sxamples
    • Summary and diagnosis structure
      • Summary and diagnosis example
    • Formulation structure
      • Formulation example
    • Management structure
      • Management example
    • First-year essay
      • Analysing the question
      • Reading and notetaking
      • Essay structure
      • Possible structures
      • Academic language
      • Signposting
      • Citations
      • Tense use in essays
      • Revising
      • Common sentence level problems
• Writing in Pharmacy
  • Sample Human Behaviour essay
• Writing in Science
  • What makes a good Science communicator?
    • Features of academic writing
    • Tentative statements
    • Academic wording
    • Avoid writing subjectively
    • Personal or impersonal style?
    • Write objectively
  • Acknowledging your sources
  • Referencing
    • Citing research
    • The Harvard referencing system
    • In-text citations
    • Reference lists
  • Summarising and paraphrasing
    • Quoting
  • The writing process
    • Planning and writing the assignment
      • Planning and task analysis
      • Writing the assignment
      • Checking your work
      • Learning from feedback
    • Presentation and formatting
      • Using figures, tables and graphs
  • The lab report
  • The annotated bibliography
    • A checklist for the annotated bibliography
  • The literature review
    • How to write the literature review
    • A standalone literature review
    • A checklist for the literature review
  • The Science essay
  • The Science report
    • Tenses in Science
      • Introduction
      • Methods
      • Results
      • Discussion
      • Conclusion
  • The Science poster
  • Visuals to accompany oral presentations
  • Writing good sentences
    • Parts of a sentence
    • Sentence level errors
    • Punctuation
    • Punctuation challenge
  • Paragraphing
    • The topic sentence
    • Find the topic sentences
    • Linking by repetition
    • Using pronouns to link
    • Using synonyms to link
    • Words which belong together
    • Connecting ideas - examples
    • Paragraph exercises
    • Connections between paragraphs
  • Other writing in Science resources
• Other writing resources
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